Wing Turbine

Designing and fabrication of
Subsonic Open Cycle Wind Tunnel
Muhammad Umar
(BENG/F11/0110)
Umer Hussain Mover
(BENG/F11/0114)
FYP 2015
Introduction
• A subsonic wind tunnel is a specialy designed
and protected space into which air is drawn or
blown by mechanical means in order to achive
a specified speed and predetermined flow
pattren at a given instent.
Uses of wind tunnel
• To determined aerodynamic load
• To improve how can improve energy
consumption by automobiles
• To study flow patterns ,to understand and
visualize flow patterns near and around
engineering structures
Introduction
Energy Efficiency Improvement
Options
Installation of O2 Analyser
Saving Calculations from installation of O2 analyser
Number of boilers installed 3
Current effiency if boiler (EFFo) 35% (each)
Ms 13950
Ah 193.5
HHV 19750
1 O2 analyser increasers efficiency by 1%
Efficiency increment after installation = 35% + 1%
(EFFa) = 36%
Fuel Saving = (1/EFFo – 1/EFFa) x (Ms x Ah)/HHV
= (1/0.35 -1/0.36) x (13950 x 193.5)/19750
= 10Btu/hr
Annual Saving = Fuel Saving x cost of fuel per Btu x annual working
time
= 10btu/hr x 30Rs/Btu x 4380hrs/year
= 13,14,000 Rs/year Per boiler
Total Savings = Savings per year x number of boilers installed
= 13,14,000 x 3
= Rs 39,42,000 per year
Continued
Steam headers
• The Steam Header receives steam from one or more (maximum 8)
boilers, and holds it under pressure. Downstream equipment
receives the stored steam on demand. The flow calculations
between the boilers and the header ensure a balanced transfer so
that the header pressure does not exceed the feeding boilers.
• The pressure in the header is based on the amount of contained
steam, and its temperature. A weighted average of all inlet steam
temperatures is used to determine the final header temperature.
Both pressure and temperature are dynamically changing in the
online system.
• Steam headers ensure supply of pure steam and increase process
efficiency by 2 to 3%
Continued
Occupancy sensor or photo electric sensors.
• This offers a more reliable method to obtain
savings as it is not operator dependent.
Typical applications are pump houses,
meeting rooms, bathrooms, warehouse, or
storage areas (one photo sensor can operate
multiple light fixtures).
Continued
T8 Fluorescent lamps and matched electronic ballasts.
• Replace incandescent lights with T8 Fluorescent lamps and
matched electronic ballasts.
• The fluorescent fixtures of today are extremely rugged and
versatile.
• These fixtures can operate in ambient temperatures down
to 0° F, can be operated as dimmed without reducing the
rated lamp life.
• These fluorescent fixtures provide flicker-free operation
and can operate with Total Harmonic Distortion of less than
5 percent and Power Factor greater than 90 percent.
• Energy consumption can be reduced by 50 percent.
Continued
High torque drives (HTD) V-belts.
• Replace standard V-belts that are notched and/or
sheaves with high torque drive (HTD) V-belts.
• The slightly increased cost of notched V-belts should
be offset by an increased life expectancy.
• Notches on the inside radius of the belt reduce energy
loss and heat generation caused by compressing and
decompressing the belt as it arcs around the sheave.
• Estimate: 2 percent increase in efficiency. HTD belts
and sheaves must be replaced because the teeth in the
belt mesh with a matched sheave. Estimate: 4-8
percent increase in efficiency [use 5 percent].
Continued
Internal Cost Accounting personal computer
• A personal computer with cost accounting
software is needed to monitor the specific energy
consumption data for production unit on a daily
basis.
• A real-time information Processor is needed to
manage data and transmit the energy cost to the
energy management team in a timely fashion.
• Payback period for this project is estimated to be
no more than six months, since the response to
energy management will be faster.
Continued
Energy Management Program
• The industry does not have an energy
management program to observe and
implement energy management initiatives.
Such a program will enable the industry to
conserve energy, conduct bi-yearly energy
audit, and implement the result at regular
intervals. The program will be a prime factor
to save money.
Continued
Installation of 1MW Solar Energy Plant
• load 1 MW.
• Solar panels required = 15,714 panels of 250
watts.
• Batteries required = 19555 batteries of 250
Ampere, 12 volts.
• Charge controller required = 1637 charge
controller of 60 Ampere.
• Inverter required = 120 inverters of 10 KW.
Continued
Preliminary design analysis of 5MW plant
• Load of 5MW
• Coal required = 0.025 tons/hr (annually – 219
tons)
• Annual cost of fuel = $6570
• Per Kw-hr cost = $0.00014/kw-h
Conclusion
Recommendation Utility of Savings % Conservation per % saving of Overall
load utility
Installation of O2 Natural gas 3% 3%
Analyser
Occupancy Sensor Electricity 2% of Lighting load 3.7625%
T8 lamps Electricity 50% of Lighting load

HTD V-belts Electricity 4% of Motor load 3.151%
1MW solar energy plant Electricity 6.25% of Electricity 6%
supply
5MW coal plant Electricity 31.25% of Electricity
Supply
Overall Savings of Electricity utility 13%
Electricity Cost before Energy Audit Rs.2,88,000 per day
Electricity Cost after Energy Audit Rs.2,50,560 per day
Savings per day Rs.37,440
Annual Savings Rs9,14,54,400

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Designing and fabrication of

Subsonic Open Cycle Wind Tunnel

T8 lamps Electricity 50% of Lighting load

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