Research Project Proposal Formulation (DCC)

RESEARCH PROJECT
FORMULATION
Dr. DANILO C. CARDENAS
Deputy Executive Director for R&D
PCARRD/DOST
1
Part 1
Overview of Research
Research
 a systematic, objective, and critical investigation
of available information directed at the search
for new knowledge or its advancement including
its practical applications
 the branch of science dealing with

discoveries and inventions
3
Purpose of conducting research
 to add something to the current body of
knowledge
 to find the answers to certain questions

by:
- describing what happened
- explaining how and why certain
events occur
- predicting when things will happen
4
Significance of any research activity
 Provides an analysis of the key issues as well as
a synthesis of threats and opportunities which
are likely to confront the decision & policy
makers
 Identifies the appropriate parameters by which
to assess the nature, magnitude/extent of the
issues under consideration
 Generates a blueprint for identifying relevant and
viable alternatives to a particular problem based
on solid empirical evidence
5
Significance of any research activity
 Provides an effective guidepost for channeling
scarce resources by searching for the best fit
between the problem and its different solutions
given certain constraints
 Forces researchers to be analytical in finding
appropriate solutions to existing problems based
on known facts
 Provides an opportunity for academic faculties to
sharpen & hone their narrow technical expertise
which could be shared with their students; and
 Allows educational institutions to be recognized
for scientific excellence.
6
Making Conclusions,
Assessing Implications
and Drafting the
Recommendations
Hypothesis Testing Identifying

and Evaluation and defining the
of Evidence THEORY Problems
Formulating Identifying
the Analytical the Research
Framework Objectives
Figure 1. The Typical Scientific Research Process

Brief description of the
scientific process
Identification and definition of the problem –
This is usually concerned with trying to identify and
stating the problem clearly. Selecting significant
questions and framing them in an explicit manner
increases the chances of getting the relevant
answers that are important in providing a better
understanding of the topic at hand.
8
scientific process
Identifying the research objectives –
Objectives are statements of intents of the
researcher purposely to address the identified
problems. It generally provides the premise for
defining the research indicators and parameters for
meeting the objectives to be achieved by the
proposed activity and spelling out how the results
are to be used.
9
scientific process
Formulation of the analytical framework - Based
on the selected problem & the research objectives,
hypotheses may then be formulated and each are
evaluated depending on the available information.
Hypotheses are generally regarded as tentative
explanations to a problem or are conjectural statements
about the true relationships between two or more
phenomena or variables. To facilitate the development
of the relevant hypothesis, a researcher conducts a
literature review to search for existing body of
knowledge and theories related to the explanation of
the problem under consideration. Another way is for the
researcher to analyze his own experiences as well as
those of others. These information are then arranged
systematically and related to the knowledge obtained
from scientific journals and books.
10
scientific process
Hypothesis testing and evaluation of evidence –
Consist of at least (4) separate but inter-related
activities that are undertaken sequentially:
1. Drawing up the appropriate research design
2. Identifying the relevant parameters/
measurement indicators and procedures
3. Data collection
4. Data analysis - After the experiments or
observations are made to determine whether or
not the supposed consequences do in fact
occur under the appropriate circumstances, the
various relationships expressed by the hypotheses
are then eventually evaluated and analyzed.
11
scientific process
Making conclusions, deducing its various
implications & formulating the
recommendations – Based on the strength of the
evidences collected, the researcher may decide
whether to accept or reject each of the formulated
hypotheses and makes interpretations/
explanations, and conclusions. The practical
implications of the conclusions are assessed which
then become the basis for drafting the relevant
recommendations. If given a chance the
recommendations are presented before a group of
people and institutions (stakeholders) whose
interests may be affected by such
recommendations before they are finalized.
12
R&D Stages
 knowledge & technology generation
 technology adaptation/verification
 technology piloting (action projects)
 technology commercialization
13
Knowledge and Tech Generation
Basic research - an experimental or theoretical

work undertaken to acquire new knowledge of the
underlying foundations or phenomena and
observable facts without any particular or specific
application or use in mind. If the proposal is more
on basic research, it should be submitted to NRCP
or NAST --- Human Genome Project
14
Knowledge and Tech Generation
Applied research – an investigation undertaken
to acquire new information directed towards a
specific aim or objective; a systematic work, drawn
on existing knowledge gained from previous
researches and/or practical experience that is
directed to producing new materials, products,
devices, installation of new processes, systems and
services thereby improving substantially those
already produced or installed (PCARRD) --- Coconut
Tissue Culture for Clonal Propagation and Safe
Germplasm Exchange
15
Technology Adaptation/Verification
a limited research work dwelling on
the verification of the adaptability of
technologies under different local
farming conditions --- Regional commodity
variety trials (DA-BAR)
• Technology for Adaptation - A technology is
classified as technology for adaptation if it meets the
following criteria:
- It is conducted in station or farmers’ field and
only a component of technology.
- It has been tested in technology generation (TG)
research for at least one season.
- It has shown good potential economic viability as
based on TG research.
- It has good potential for acceptance by farmers and
commercial producers.
16
Technology Adaptation/Verification
• Technology for Verification :
A technology is classified as technology for verification if it can be

incorporated in a package of technology that has potential for
improving existing farmers’ practices. Specifically, it should satisfy
the following:
- It is an integrated technology conducted in the

farmers’ fields.
- It has been tested for 2-3 seasons in the technology
generation (TG) trials.
- It has shown economic viability and technical feasibility
in TG trials. Its computed return based on TG trials is
better than that of farmers’ practices as shown by
marginal rate of return (MRR).
17
Technology Piloting (Action Projects)
• an innovative work to confirm and/or demonstrate

the feasibility of actually using a technology using the
community-based approach ; gauging end user’s
reaction to introduction of improved technologies and
identifying potential problems related to its wider
dissemination, utilization and adoption so that these
can be fed back to researchers.
18
Technology Commercialization
an activity involving the application
of technologies on a commercial
scale by identified entrepreneurs
or used primarily to increase one’s
income/profits and productivity in a much
wider scale.
19
Typical research settings
 Natural setting
 Artificial (laboratory) setting
20
Typical research outputs
 Technology - products/process/service
 Information
 Publications
(scientific papers written)
 Patents registered
 Awards/recognitions received
21
Part 2
Research Proposal
Preparation
Research Proposal
an organized written presentation
of a planned research activity
aimed at achieving a defined
objective
23
Forms of Research Proposals
Project - the basic unit in the investigation

of particular researchable problem with
predetermined objectives to be
accomplished within a specific time frame.
Program - a group of interrelated research
projects requiring an interdisciplinary or
multidisciplinary approach to meet
established goals within a specific time
frame.
24
Means by which research proposals
may be generated
 proponent’s initiative
 solicitation by funding agencies
 management‘s initiative
25
Rationale for preparing
a project proposal
 To enable the proponent to thoroughly
analyze and understand the research
problem and determine the feasibility of the
proposed activity.
 To win the appreciation & support of funding
institutions
 To guide the project implementors during
project execution
26
Parts of a Project Proposals
 Program/Project Title  Project Objective
 Name & address of  Review of literature
proponents  Methodology
 Implementing and  Timetable of planned
cooperating agency/ies activities (workplan)
 R&D station  Project duration
 Site of implementation  Expected output
 Classification of R&D  Target beneficiaries
 Priority area  Personnel requirement
 Sector/Commodity  Literature cited
 Discipline  Estimated budget
 Significance of the  Capsule curriculum
project vitae
27
Program/Project Title
Importance:
 Introduces the project to the reader
 Identifies the program and the project
components
 Must reflect the main purpose of the project and
gives the reader the idea on what the researcher
proposes to do
 The goal in making the title is to describe the
coverage of the research and delineates the scope
28
Program/Project Title (continued)
Features of a good title:
 Short, easy to remember, and can easily be
indexed and retrieved
 Has few words that adequately describes the
contents of the paper
 Clearly embody the focus of the proposal and is it
supported by the stated objectives and expected
outputs
29
 List the most important factors to be studied (e.g.,
height, weight, flowers, fruits), as well as
methodology/treatments to be used
 Categorize the words that can be grouped (e.g.,
height and weight can be grouped together as
growth, flowers and fruits as development)
 Compose the words to form a clear, eye-catching
title: Growth and development of cucumber
mulched with sawdust
 Review for grammar and improve some of the
words without changing its meaning/message:
Growth and development of sawdust-
mulched cucumber
30
Guideline in Making the Title
 Include in the title the common and scientific
names
 Do not include too much information in the title
 Avoid using unnecessary words (effects,
evaluation, study, experiment, trials, observations,
results, test, factors, analysis, etc.)
 Title can be expressed in terms of scope of the
results, as follows:
Sawdust mulch modified growth
and development of cucumber
Photo inhibition of photosynthesis reduced
vegetative growth rates of dwarf bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris) plants. Aust J Plant Physiol. (1995)
22 (4):511-520 31
Examples of good titles
Socio-Economic Evaluation and
Policy Analysis of Integrated R&D Project (IRDP)
on Bamboo and Rattan
Benchmark Assessment of the Industrial Tree
Plantation-Based Industry in the CARAGA Region
Analysis of the Price System
and Trade Related Concerns of Philippine Mango
Examples of bad titles
Evaluation of the Muslimness
of Filipino Muslims in the Philippines
Women in Abaca Industry: An Assessment of their
Contributions and Constraints in their Participation
Evaluation and Cultural Management of Malunggay 32
Site of Implementation
 The site where the project will be conducted.
Indicate municipality, district, province and region.
 The data is vital in terms of definitely pinpointing
the site of the project for the information of
congressmen and senators related to the
investment given to their districts.
 The data is also useful in terms of comparative
analysis as to the level of investments and
resources being allotted to each region or
provinces.
 Does the site of implementation jive with the
priority commodities identified in the S&T agenda
for the region?
33
Classification (R or D)
Research Projects – an inquiry or investigation directed at

acquiring new or additional knowledge/information about a certain
topic.
Development Projects - is a systematic work, drawing on

existing knowledge gained from research and/or practical
experience that is directed towards producing new materials,
product or device, installing new processes, systems and services
and improving substantially those already produced or installed for
the benefit & welfare of particular target beneficiaries. This may
also include pilot-testing projects or innovative work that aims to
confirm and demonstrate the feasibility of actually using a
technology, modality or approach, gauging end-user’s reaction to
introduction of improved technologies and identifying potential
problems related to wider dissemination, utilization, and adoption.
34
Priority Thematic Areas
 Poverty Alleviation & Food Security - securing

sources of productivity growth & income diversification.
 Global Competitiveness - making sure that all parts of

the agricultural enterprise chain are operating as
efficiently as possible, so as to keep overall production
costs minimal in an environment in which product prices
will continue declining.
 Frontier & Cutting-Edge Science - development &

familiarization with new, modern S&T-based innovations,
techniques, methodologies, tools, & equipment for
transforming local RDE capabilities to world-class
standards. 35
Priority Thematic Areas (Continued)
• Natural Resource Management & Sustainable

Development - development, documentation, evaluation &
application of environment-friendly & good indigenous
resource management practices/ technologies including BMP,
disaster/hazard mitigation & rehabilitation/protection of
ecologically fragile areas.
 Support to Allied Public Services - development of

innovative & modern S&T-based techniques, methodologies,
tools, & equipment to enable regulatory agencies perform
better surveillance, evaluation, detection & certification work
in a faster, cheaper, more accurate & reliable manner to
facilitate trade & commerce following the prescribed product
quality standards & other bio-safety requirements including
the provision of scientific-based information to policy &
decision makers.
36
Table 1. Commodities under different industry clusters vis-à-vis regional priority concerns
REGIONS
INDUSTRY CLUSTER COMMODITY
CAR R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 R11 R12 CARAGA
1 Mango         
2 Banana      
3 Papaya 
4 Pineapple  
EXPORT FRUIT CROPS
5 Pili 
6 Durian  
7 Jackfruit 
8 Pummelo 
1 Vegetables       
VEGETABLES, LEGUMES
2 Legumes  
& ROOT CROPS
3 Root Crops    
1 Coffee  
COFFEE, ABACA
2 Abaca     
& RUBBER
3 Rubber 
COCONUT & OIL 1 Coconut     
PALM 2 Oil palm  
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 1 Ornamental Plants    
1 Rice    
RICE & WHITE CORN
2 White Corn   
SUGARCANE 1 Muscovado Sugar 
1 Poultry      
SWINE, POULTRY &
2 Swine    
YELLOW CORN
3 Yellow Corn     
1 Goat      
PASTURE &
2 Cattle  
RUMINANTS
3 Carabao  
1 Woodfuel and Biofuels              
2 Environmental Services           
FORESTRY 3 Furniture & Handicrafts      
4 Lumber & Panel Products  
5 Poles & Piles 
NUMBER OF COMMODITY PER CONSORTIUM 8 8 9 11 15 9 6 9 6 7 7 8 9 5
 Major Commodity 37
 Minor Commodity
7
Significance of the Project
 The statement of the problem
- State the problem clearly - discuss the problem
by giving information on what exactly is the
problem, how long it has been a problem, the
situation it is encountered, its negative
consequences if not acted upon
- Previous works or reviews relevant to the
problem may be cited
38
Significance of the Project (continued)
 State the current need of the country the proposal
intends to address. The proposal should justify
research expenditure in terms of the potential
benefits to be derived. A typical justification would
include a brief introduction, a general statement
concerning the historical bases for R&D, utilization
of the expected output, and the impact of the
information/ technology to be generated on the
current body of knowledge, the target
users/beneficiaries or stakeholders (rural farm
households; industry; commodity/sector or region
and the country/national economy).
39
Significance of the Project (continued)
 The way by which the proposal supports/
implements the national/regional R&D program for
agriculture and fisheries in terms of the DOST 8-
Point Agenda and the Integrated S&T Agenda for
AFNR should be discussed. The manner on how
the output will be utilized and disseminated
should also be stated
(an example, portion only)
Socio-Economic Evaluation and Policy Analysis of the Integrated
R&D Project (IRDP) on Bamboo and Rattan)
Results of this study will provide the information for assisting
PCARRD in determining to what extent the B&R IRDP has
affected the lives of the intended beneficiaries, the re-direction
that may be needed to enhance the effectiveness of its RDE
program, and the support and complementation mechanisms that
will be required of collaborating institutions/ agencies, both public and
private
40
Project Objectives
State the specific purposes to address the problem
areas of the project. They should be clear as to what
the proposal intends to achieve and must be
attainable within the timeframe and resources
required.
Formulating the Objectives
 Statements of the goals of the study
 Set the limit by which the problem will be studied
 Should be attainable under reasonable conditions
 Simple, specific, narrow enough to permit definite
answers
41
Project Objectives (continued)
SMART Guide
SPECIFIC
MEASURABLE
ATTAINABLE
RELEVANT
TIMEBOUND
42
Project Objectives (continued)
State what you expect to accomplish
 The words survey, examine, quantify, and
investigate tell what the researcher intends to
do
 The words evaluate, compare, characterize,
determine, or recommend tell what the
researcher will do with the data to come up with
conclusions and recommendations
Have a general objective, if there are many studies all

leading to a common goal
Objectives like “To solve the social problems of the
Philippines” or “To attain self sufficiency in rice” are
presumptuous and should be narrowed down to attainable
objectives under reasonable conditions.
43
Review of Literature
 An organized and synthesized presentation
of previous works - answers the question “what
has been done relative to the problem at hand?”
 Shows the state of knowledge about a
subject matter -indicates the finding on which
the proposal is building on
 Ensures that there will be no duplication of
work, and all the researchable areas will be
covered
 This is usually one of the weakest sections of the
proposal. Majority of the proposals received at
PCARRD are returned to the proponents with the
requirement that an exhaustive review of
literature be done. Proposals with this
recommendation are rarely resubmitted.
44
Review of Literature (continued)
 Indicate related researches/activities which have
been conducted for the last 5-10 years. The state
of the art of current technology/information from
which the project proposal will take off should
likewise be discussed. The results of the prior art
search conducted during the capsule stage of the
proposal should be included in this section
(include any related technology which is protected
by any of the intellectual property rights scheme
e.g. patent, trademark, copyright, etc).
45
Which Literature to Review?
- Technical journal
- Books and reviews but use them with
caution - data may not be original
- Search in the internet
46
Organizing the Review
- Make an outline of the topics to be presented
- Classify the pertinent abstract of the reviewed
literature into topics
- Interrelate or group similar findings
- Compare or contrast findings where appropriate
- Use the review of literature to clarify, augment,
support or contradict the idea
- Present one idea per paragraph
- Do not include a literature not relevant to the
problem
47
Organizing the Review
- Provide smooth transitions by using such words as
“on the other hand”, “nevertheless”, “in addition”,
“in contrast”, etc.
- Avoid so many reviewed articles on the same
subject
- Limit and avoid complementary papers by the
same author
- Cite results but not tabulated data
- State research findings in your own words
- Citing word for word requires enclosing them in
quotation marks
- Acknowledge sources of sentences or sections
lifted from text or articles, and other vividly
striking expressions
48
Methodology
This include the following:
 Conceptual/Analytical framework/logframe
 Sampling procedure
 Methods of data collection
 Methods of data analysis
49
Methodology (continued)
Conceptual Framework - a set of abstract and
general propositions and representations that
provides a frame of reference or perspective to
explain behavior, operations and development”
(Reyes, et al., UPOU Manual)
Basic elements
 Proposition
 Representation
 Operational definition of concepts (terms used)
 Empirical indicators
• Proposition - a supposition or proposed statement

of explanation like a hypothesis which needs
evidence to prove or disprove it 50
Basic elements
 Representation
- A diagram or illustration that will approximate
the picture of reality
e.g.
R&D Technology Technology Policy
Dissemination
Development Verification Formulation
Commercialization
51
Basic elements
 Operational definition of concepts:
Definition of terms used in the context of the
study or situation
Example:
Technology verification is the process wherein
the feasibility of the technology is validated in
different areas
52
Basic elements
 Empirical indicators: Measurable and
observable variables or parameters included in
the study
Example:
- Number of brochures and leaflets
- Number of guests, visitors
- Areas covered
53
Conceptual framework for R&D projects:
 Generally used in social science R&D

 Equivalent to research design in the other
sciences
 A set of propositions that provides for frame of
reference to explain behavior
 Show how the problem is viewed and how the
proposed interventions will lead to the solutions of
the problem under study
 The review of literature should guide the
researcher in contextualizing the problem and
identifying the variables to be looked into
54
Conceptual framework for R&D projects (continued):
 Usually contains variables (dependent and independent)

and their relationships
 Illustrated using a diagram or a figure
 Should always be accompanied by a textual explanation
 Guides the researcher on how to analyze the data and

what methodology to use
 Not all projects needs a conceptual framework
55
Components, S&T National Expected
Nat’l R&D Prog Enhancements Targets Outcomes
Needed
Testing of allied
Improved ISP 2020
enterprises:
RED Proj production
technologies  Decreased Stable
pre-weaning supply of
Devt of biologics: mortality quality
Devt of Herbal Efficient (25-10%) breeders
Anthelmintics Proj marketing
strategies  Decreased
Integrated goat mgt kidding
Highly
tech: Responsive interval
uniform
Alt Tech Options Proj regulatory (9-8mo)
slaughter
policies goats
 Increased
Devt of halal goat slaughter
prodn models Effective
weight
communication
(15-30kg)
strategies
 Increased
Estab. of farm perf
Efficient conception
system: Nat’l Goat
recording rate (80-
Farm Perf Project
system 95%)
The National Goat S&T Framework

Problem Lack of a national goat performance recording system;
Fragmented data on farm performance
Impacts • Inability to document goat farm performance across regions in the country
• Inability to quantify rate of improvement or decline of goat farms
S&T Goat Farm Production Performance Monitoring in the Philippines

Intervention
Components Backyard Goat Farm Performance Commercial Goat Farm Performance
Expected • Generation of a comprehensive goat production data for 4 production cycles from
Outputs backyard and commercial goat farms
• Characterization of backyard and commercial goat farms and assessment of their
productivity and profitability
• Identification of technology gaps and alternative technology options to enhance farm
performance
• Industry targets for backyard and commercial goat farms
Establishment of a national goat farm performance monitoring system

for backyard and commercial levels of operation
Interface with • Identified S&T interventions to enhance goat farm performance

Next Project • Implementation of Alternative Technology Options to Enhance Farm
Performance project
Parts of a Project Proposal
Analytical framework
 Present the manner with which the problem
should be studied. It guides the researcher on
what information to collect and how they should
be analyzed.
 The analytical framework should show a
diagrammatic and systemic representation of the
processes and variables involved in the conduct of
the project proposal. The relevant variables to be
measured/evaluated should be included in the
methodology.
 Usually presented in tabular form.
58
Analytical Framework
PROBLEM
AREAS/
RELEVANT PROPOSED INTENDED ESTIMATED
ISP S&T PROPONENT THEMATIC EXPECTED BENEFICIAR BUDGETARY SOURCES
TARGET INTERVENTION AGENCIES DURATION AREAS OUTPUTS IES REQUIREMENT OF FUNDS
What PROGRAM RELATIONS WHO ARE
problems TITLE HIP OF THE THEY &
needs EXPECTED WHERE ARE
immediate OUTPUTS THEY
attention? TO THE LOCATED?
WHAT ISP ACHIEVEM
CONCERN ENT OF ISP
DO YOU TARGETS
WISH TO
WORK ON?
Where do PROGRAM
they exists & COMPONENTS:
how serious
are they?
Distinguish
nature of
problems in
terms of
symptoms,
causes and
effects..
59
LOGFRAME - is a logical and concise layout of the
main elements of project implementation. It should
provide an overview of the entire project in terms of
expected outcomes, how they fit together and how
they are measured. It also provides the cause-effect
relationships between activities, outputs and goals
and helps link the project inputs and objectives in a
clear logical manner.
60
Logframe example:
61
 The methodology should be geared towards
providing answers to the research objectives. The
measurable outputs that the project will produce
and their set of indicators and expected values
should be included. The methodology should also
show appropriate and sound treatments and
experimental layout, and appropriate statistical
analysis. There should be a discussion on how
the data required based on set of indicators be
obtained, by whom, what sources, how frequent
the data collection and how the collected data will
be processed and reported.
62
Sampling procedure
 Sampling is done in socio-science research for
economy of time, money and effort
 Sampling is a selection of a part of a population in
such a way that the sample is representative of
the population
 Depending on the degree of homogeneity or
heterogeneity of the population, the degree of
accuracy required, and the objectives, the sample
size is determined
63
Methods of data collection
 What information will be collected?
 How does the researcher propose to gather the
data – from secondary or primary sources?
 If data will come from primary sources, how will
they be collected – through personal interviews,
participant observation, FDG, or mailed
questionnaires?
 Processing of the research proposal will be
facilitated if a questionnaire is appended to it.
Otherwise, a list of needed information has to be
incorporated in the procedure.
64
Expected Output
 Indicate specific products, processes or services,
information or technologies which the project is
expected to produce which will eliminate/instigate
or prevent the identified problem(s) from
processing damages. Compare with available
technologies/knowledge.
65
Expected Output
 Explain the expected social, economic and other
benefits to be derived and the time it takes before
the expected benefits are realized. State how the
proposed research project will generate products,
information, processes or service of national or
international recognition. It should be explained
what needs to be done to make use, promote and
commercialize the expected outputs. Are the
expected outputs/results gender sensitive? Are
the expected outputs eligible for protection (IPR
concern)?
66
Expected Output
e.g. Socio-Economic Evaluation of the Mango
Comprehensive Technology Transfer
Program
The expected outputs of the program are the
following:
(1) a ten percent increase in annual farm yield in
demo farms;
(2) at least one clonal orchard established by each
implementing agency per year;
(3) at least one nursery established/ identified by
each implementing agency per year;
(4) about 5,000 asexually propagated planting
material per site per year;
67
Expected Output
e.g. Socio-Economic Evaluation of the Mango
Comprehensive Technology Transfer
Program
The expected outputs of the program are the
following:
(5) one training on production, post harvest
handling, processing, and entrepreneurship per
implementing agency per year with at least 20
grower beneficiaries;
(6) training and communication materials; and
(7) sustainable networking among the sectors
involved in marketing.
68
Target Beneficiaries
Specify the clienteles who will benefit from the
project and the expected outcome/effects of the use
of the project outputs (refer to the significance) and
how big is that group.
69
Personnel Requirement
 Is the personnel complement enough and
qualified to do the work?
 The % time to be devoted to the project should

be well-thought of and such indicated in the best
knowledge of the researcher.
70
Literature Cited
List alphabetically all materials used, quoted, rates, or
referred to. Use standard system for citation).
Sample Lit Cited Below:
Books
Author(s)/Editor(s)/Corporate Author(s). Title of publication. Place
of publication: Publisher, year. Pagination.
Marei, Sayed A. The world food crisis. London: Longman Group
Ltd., 1978. 134p.
Periodicals
Author(s). “Title of article.” Name of Journal Periodical Vol. No.
(Issue No.):pagination, month, year.
Soliven, Max E. “More on the culture of Perante orange.”
Greenfields 18(4):14-15, Apr 1988.
71
Literature Cited (continued)
Periodicals
Author(s). “Title of article.” Name of Journal Periodical Vol. No.
(Issue No.):pagination, month, year.
Soliven, Max E. “More on the culture of Perante orange.”
Greenfields 18(4):14-15, Apr 1988.
Research Reports
Author(s). Title of publication. Place of publication:
Publisher(s)/Implementing Agency, year. Pagination. – (Notes).
Garcia, Arnulfo G.; Bergonia, Evelyn A. Minimum input farming
systems . Los Baños, aguna: University of the Philippines Los
Baños, 1987. 136p.- (PCARRD Proj. No. 89-291-21).
72
Theses and Dissertations
Author. “Title of thesis/dissertation.” M.S. Thesis/Ph.D.
Dissertation, University, year. Pagination.
Bustamante, Django. “The art of using soft break in 9-ball
competition.” M.S. Thesis, Wanbol University, 2007. 9p.
Proceedings
Author(s). Title of proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher(s),
year. pagination. – (Notes).
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural
Resources Research and Development. Rattan: proceedings of
the national symposium/workshop on rattan; Ecotech Center,
Lahug, Cebu City; June 1-3, 1988.Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD,
1990. 182p. – (Book Ser. No. 99).
73
Article/Paper from Proceedings
Author(s). Title of article/paper. In: Title of Proceedings, Place of
publication: Publisher(s), year. pagination. – (Notes).
Eusebio, Josefa S. Contribution of the home garden to family
nutrition. In: Home gardening of Program in the Philippines. Los
Baños, Laguna: Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and
Natural Resources Research and Development, 1988. 89p. –
(Book Ser. No. 69).
Paper Presented in a Workshop/Seminar
Author(s). Title of paper. Paper presented at the Title of
Workshop/Seminar; Place; date.
Librero, Aida R. Inventory of research manpower in agriculture
and natural resources in the Philippines. Paper presented at the
Workshop on Manpower resources in Agriculture and Natural
Resources Research; Singapore; October 21-23, 1981.
74
Project Duration:
• Presenting the timetable of planned activities (work plan)
typically involves the use of a Gantt chart to illustrate activity
duration.
• Enumerate in chronological order the activities to be undertaken

using DOST Form N0. 2B-2. The activities should answer the
expected outputs. The expected outputs on the other hand
should anchored on the proposed objectives.
Estimated Budgetary Requirement

• The financial requirement indicated must be reasonable and
appropriate in relation to the objectives of the project. It must
be consistent with the work plan. Counterparts funds should be
indicated and line-item expenditures should be consistent with
existing allowable rates). Prepare budget breakdown by source
of fund for items in excess of P50,000/annum. and the quarterly
breakdown for the 1st year of implementation during the project 75
duration.
Estimated Budgetary Requirement (continued)
 Counterpart Funding for National and Regional Program
proposals
- For national programs to be supported by PCARRD, a 30%
counterpart fund is expected to be provided by the
proponent agency. This means that PCARRD will provide
only 70% of the required budget.
- For regional programs, however, a 50% counterpart fund
should be allocated by the proponent agency, as only 50%
of the approved budget will be allotted by PCARRD.
- To address the difficulty of the implementing agencies in
allotting counterpart fund, they are allowed to outsource
the amount from other donors, provided that at least 10%
of the total required budget will still come from the
proponent agencies. This applies to both national and
regional programs.
76
 The said counterpart fund maybe provided during the
second year of implementation or it may be divided
during the succeeding years so long as the accumulated
allocation satisfies the percentage counterpart fund
required.
 Personal services - Honoraria of research leaders,
salaries of full time researchers, research assistants,
research aides and interviewers
 Maintenance and operating expenses - supplies and
materials, travel expenses, attendance to meetings/
workshops, AIHR, RRDS, communications, contracted
services, gasoline and oil, patenting, publication in a
referred journal and other expenses
77
 Cardinal rule - resources for conducting R&D are
generally limited and there is always a problem of
setting up priorities to allocate them. But neither should
the budget be so small that when the researcher
actually does the job, he finds that he cannot do it for
lack of funds.
78
Capsule curriculum vitae
 One page researcher’s information sheet
indicating among others relevant experiences in
R&D activities especially in relation to the work
being proposed, current load.
 This gives information on the nature of the
researcher’s specialization. One factor that the
review panel looks into is the ability of the
researcher to conduct the project being proposed
based on his/her academic credentials as well as
relevant experience.
79
Sample curriculum vitae
Typical problems confronting
researchers
A. The relative influence, resources and priorities of

funding agencies often change (i.e. political shifts/
leadership change; interest shifts from
regional/sectoral to national/international issues)
B. Interests & influence of the various stakeholders

may change with time
C. Priorities & functions of the responsible

implementing agency can change in significant
ways
81
researchers (continued)
D. Unanticipated problems with the delivery of
intervention or with the intervention itself may
require modifying the project design &
consequently the nature of the evaluation plan
itself
E. Partial findings from an evaluation may produce

reasonably secure knowledge that the project is
failing to produce the intended outcome
F. Limited manpower, time & financial resources but

too many broad concerns
82
G. Loosely defined, multiple & sometimes even

contradictory objectives R&D policies between
funding and implementing agencies
H. For a variety of reasons, the need for research

often becomes apparently too late. Because of
inertia & more urgent priorities, the government
is usually not receptive to suggestions for
improvements unless there is a serious and self-
evident problem. It tends to think about
changes in policies/strategies only when time &
funding have run out, at this point, it is already
too late to carry out any research activity
83
I. Long term duration of project processing
J. For also numerous reasons, very few

recommendations of researchers are actually being
adopted:
- Researchers that examines the ex-ante

feasibility or ex-post achievements of certain
government policy/ programs are extremely
difficult to conduct and their results always has
the potential to upset some people and tends to
put decision makers in an uncomfortable
position.
84
J. For also numerous reasons, very few recommendations of researchers are

actually being adopted:
- Often, research reports are contain too many

information, sometimes too technical and
attempts to absorb them all at the same time
can often delay and complicate decision
making. On the average, most senior
government officials have very little time to
read. (i.e. The average US Congressman works
for only about 11 hours, or which eleven
minutes are spent on reading (Verdier, 1984).
85

- In part, many policy makers typically have to

contend with legal issues, hence they
generally tend to favor legal and regulatory
instruments in trying to affect behaviors
(Rhoads, 1978). In contracts, most social
scientists emphasize the provision or
manipulation of incentives to elicit the desired
behaviors from target economic agents so that
the policy objective become identical to their
own self-interest.
86
- Some researches provide too general and

broad recommendations. They typically contain
suggestions on what changes to undertake but
fails to describe the appropriate content of the
suggested changes as well as how best to
achieve it.
- Sometimes, basic researches are conducted

with no particular research user in mind for its
product and little previous contact with the
prospective user. 87
- Little attention going to information dissemination.

The now familiar “project cycle” syndrome must be
broken, whereby a researcher has an interest in
completing a research project quickly in order to
get on to the next income-generating activity, while
donors want to finish it in order to close the books
& begin the job of spending next year’s budget.
Hence, follow up activities which refine, repackage
and disseminate research results to different
audiences should be viewed as legitimate and
important obligations of researchers.
88
THANK YOU &
GOOD LUCK
ON YOUR
PROPOSALS
89

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RESEARCH PROJECT

 the branch of science dealing with

 to find the answers to certain questions

Hypothesis Testing Identifying

Figure 1. The Typical Scientific Research Process

Basic research - an experimental or theoretical

A technology is classified as technology for verification if it can be

- It is an integrated technology conducted in the

• an innovative work to confirm and/or demonstrate

Project - the basic unit in the investigation

Research Projects – an inquiry or investigation directed at

Development Projects - is a systematic work, drawing on

 Poverty Alleviation & Food Security - securing

 Global Competitiveness - making sure that all parts of

 Frontier & Cutting-Edge Science - development &

• Natural Resource Management & Sustainable

 Support to Allied Public Services - development of

Have a general objective, if there are many studies all

- Search in the internet

• Proposition - a supposition or proposed statement

 Generally used in social science R&D

 Usually contains variables (dependent and independent)

 Illustrated using a diagram or a figure

 Should always be accompanied by a textual explanation

 Guides the researcher on how to analyze the data and

 Not all projects needs a conceptual framework

The National Goat S&T Framework

S&T Goat Farm Production Performance Monitoring in the Philippines

Components Backyard Goat Farm Performance Commercial Goat Farm Performance

Establishment of a national goat farm performance monitoring system

Interface with • Identified S&T interventions to enhance goat farm performance

 The % time to be devoted to the project should

• Enumerate in chronological order the activities to be undertaken

Estimated Budgetary Requirement

A. The relative influence, resources and priorities of

B. Interests & influence of the various stakeholders

C. Priorities & functions of the responsible

E. Partial findings from an evaluation may produce

F. Limited manpower, time & financial resources but

G. Loosely defined, multiple & sometimes even

H. For a variety of reasons, the need for research

J. For also numerous reasons, very few

- Researchers that examines the ex-ante

J. For also numerous reasons, very few recommendations of researchers are

- Often, research reports are contain too many

J. For also numerous reasons, very few recommendations of researchers are

- In part, many policy makers typically have to

- Some researches provide too general and

- Sometimes, basic researches are conducted

- Little attention going to information dissemination.

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