[FX,FY,FZ,...] = GRADIENT(F,...

Distance between grid

points in X,Y,Z,…
direction

[FX,FY,FZ,…] is numerical gradient of matrix F

FX corresponds to dF/dx, the differences in the x (column) direction

[x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
[px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
contour(z),hold on, quiver(px,py), hold off
y

(1,5) (2,5) (3,5) (4,5) (5,5)

[x,y] = meshgrid(-2:1:2, -2:1:2)

Create a mesh on the domain (1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,4) (5,4)

of the function z.
(1,3) (2,3) (3,3) (4,3) (5,3)
x
Examples:
(1,2) (2,2) (3,2) (4,2) (5,2)
x(4,5)=1
y(4,5)=2
x(2,2)=-1 (1,1) (2,1) (3,1) (4,1) (5,1)
y(2,5)=2
 [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
z=x.*exp(-x.^2-y.^2)
z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
[px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
contour(z),hold on, quiver(px,py), hold off
Element by element operation

 2  1   1 4    2  4 
 . *      y
 3 5   3  2   9  10 
 2  1   1 4    5 10 
  *      (1,5) (2,5) (3,5) (4,5) (5,5)
 3 5   3  2   12 2 
(1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,4) (5,4)
X(4,5)=1
Y(4,5)=2
(1,3) (2,3) (3,3) (4,3) (5,3)
Z(4,5)=1*exp(-1^2-2^2)=exp(-5)=0.0067 x

(1,2) (2,2) (3,2) (4,2) (5,2)

-0.0007 -0.0067 0 0.0067 0.0007
-0.0135 -0.1353 0 0.1353 0.0135
-0.0366 -0.3679 0 0.3679 0.0366 (1,1) (2,1) (3,1) (4,1) (5,1)
-0.0135 -0.1353 0 0.1353 0.0135
-0.0007 -0.0067 0 0.0067 0.0007
 -0.0007 -0.0067 0 0.0067 0.0007 [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
-0.0135 -0.1353 0 0.1353 0.0135
-0.0366 -0.3679 0 0.3679 0.0366
z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
-0.0135 -0.1353 0 0.1353 0.0135 [px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
-0.0007 -0.0067 0 0.0067 0.0007 contour(z),hold on, quiver(px,py), hold off

[px,py]=gradient(z,1,1)
y

px = (1,5) (2,5) (3,5) (4,5) (5,5)

-0.0061 0.0003 0.0067 0.0003 -0.0061
-0.1219 0.0067 0.1353 0.0067 -0.1219 (1,4) (2,4) (3,4) (4,4) (5,4)
-0.3312 0.0183 0.3679 0.0183 -0.3312
-0.1219 0.0067 0.1353 0.0067 -0.1219
-0.0061 0.0003 0.0067 0.0003 -0.0061 (1,3) (2,3) (3,3) (4,3) (5,3)
x
py =
-0.0128 -0.1286 0 0.1286 0.0128 (1,2) (2,2) (3,2) (4,2) (5,2)
-0.0180 -0.1806 0 0.1806 0.0180
0 0 0 0 0
(1,1) (2,1) (3,1) (4,1) (5,1)
0.0180 0.1806 0 -0.1806 -0.0180
0.0128 0.1286 0 -0.1286 -0.0128
 CONTOUR(Z) is a contour plot of matrix Z
treating the values in Z as heights above a [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
plane. A contour plot are the level curves z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
of Z for some values V. The values V are [px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
chosen automatically.
contour(z),hold on, quiver(px,py), hold off

px =
-0.0061 0.0003 0.0067 0.0003 -0.0061 5
-0.1219 0.0067 0.1353 0.0067 -0.1219
4.5
-0.3312 0.0183 0.3679 0.0183 -0.3312
4
-0.1219 0.0067 0.1353 0.0067 -0.1219
-0.0061 0.0003 0.0067 0.0003 -0.0061 3.5

py = 3

-0.0128 -0.1286 0 0.1286 0.0128 2.5

-0.0180 -0.1806 0 0.1806 0.0180 2

0 0 0 0 0 1.5

0.0180 0.1806 0 -0.1806 -0.0180 1

0.0128 0.1286 0 -0.1286 -0.0128 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
 [x,y] = meshgrid(-2:.2:2, -2:.2:2);
z = x .* exp(-x.^2 - y.^2);
[px,py] = gradient(z,.2,.2);
contour(z),hold on, quiver(px,py), hold off

HOLD ON holds the current plot

and all axis properties so that 5

subsequent graphing commands 4.5

add to the existing graph.
4

HOLD OFF returns to the default 3.5

mode whereby PLOT commands
erase the previous plots and 3

reset all axis properties before 2.5

drawing new plots.
2

1.5

1
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
DIV = DIVERGENCE(X,Y,Z,U,V,W) computes the divergence of a 3-D vector field
U,V,W. The arrays X,Y,Z define the coordinates for U,V,W and must be monotonic
and 3-D plaid (as if produced by MESHGRID).

load wind
div = divergence(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,div,[90 134],[59],[0]); shading interp
daspect([1 1 1])
camlight
load wind
div = divergence(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,div,[90 134],[59],[0]); shading interp
daspect([1 1 1])
camlight

Slice at (90,59,0)
Wind is an array of (41,35,15).

Origin: (70.2,17.5,0)
20
End: (134.3, 60, 16)
15

10

5
z
0

y -5
x 60
140
40
120
20 100
80
0 60
load wind
div = divergence(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,div,[90 134],[59],[0]); shading interp
daspect([1 1 1])
camlight

20 20

15
15

10
10
5
5
0
0
-5
-5 60
60 140
40
140 120
40 100
120 20
80
20 100
0 60
80
0 60
load wind
div = divergence(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,div,[90 134],[59],[0]); shading interp
daspect([1 1 1])
camlight

20 20

15
10
10
0
5
-10
0
-20
-5
60 60 140
140 120
40
120 40
20 100 100
80 20
0 60 80
0 60
load wind
div = divergence(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,div,[90 134],[59],[0]); shading interp
daspect([1 1 1])
camlight

4
20

2
10

0 0

-10
-2
-20
60 140
-4
120
40
100
20 -6
80
0 60
[CURLX, CURLY, CURLZ, CAV] = CURL(X,Y,Z,U,V,W) computes the
curl and angular velocity perpendicular to the flow (in radians per
time unit) of a 3D vector field U,V,W. The arrays X,Y,Z define the
coordinates for U,V,W and must be monotonic and 3D plaid (as if
produced by MESHGRID).

Ω
  
v   R

 1 
  v
2
load wind
cav = curl(x,y,z,u,v,w);
slice(x,y,z,cav,[90 134],[59],[0]); 15
10
shading interp 5

daspect([1 1 1]); axis tight 0

130
120
colormap hot(16) 50
40 100
110

camlight 30
80
90

20
L = DEL2(U), when U is a matrix, is a discrete approximation of 0.25*del^2
u = (d^2u/dx^2 + d^2/dy^2)/4. The matrix L is the same size as U, with
each element equal to the difference between an element of U and the
average of its four neighbors.