Dr.

Shahid Latif
 Books

 Wireless Communications: Principles and practices,

Prentice-Hall, 2nd Edition, 2002
 By: Theodore S. Rappaport

 Mobile Communications , Edition 2000

 By: Joshen H. Schiller, Addison Wesley
Pre-requisite: Working Knowledge of Data
Communications
 Data Communication  Multiplexing
 Networks  TDM, FDM, WDM
 The internet  Spread Spectrum
 Protocol and standards  FHSS, DSSS
 The OSI Model  Transmission Media
 TCP/IP protocol  Guided Media
 Addressing (Physical and  Unguided Media

Logical)  Switching
 Analog and Digital Signal  Circuit switching

 A-A, A-D, D-A and D-D  Packet switching

Conversion  Error Detection and Correction

 ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, AM, FM,
PM  Etc. etc.
 Transmission Modes (Series and
Parallel)
Why Wireless Communication?
Question: Why do we need a new technology when we have
such a developed public telephone network (PSTN). The
answer is mobility.

Remember: This Lecture is about Wireless Communication, with

emphasis/focus on Mobile (also known as Cellular) Radio Communication
Systems.

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Challenges of mobility
Challenges of using a radio channel:

 The use of radio channels necessitates methods of sharing them –

channel access (multiple access).

 The quality of the path - a more challenging problem than with wires.

 Bandwidth: it is possible to add wires but not bandwidth. So it is

important to develop technologies that provide for channel reuse.

 Privacy and security - a more difficult issue than with wired phone.

 Others: low energy (battery), hand-off, etc.

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History of Communication
 First wireless network were developed in pre-industrial age
 Transmitting information over line-of-sight distances (later
extended by telescopes), using
 Smoke signals (150BC)
 Torch signaling
 Flashing mirror
 Signal flare (burn/flame)
 Semaphore flags (system of sending messages by holding the
arms/two flags/poles in certain positions according to an alphabetic
code)
 Observation stations were built on hilltops and along roads
to relay these messages over large distances
 These early networks were replaced first by
 The Telegraph Network (invented by Samuel Morse in 1838)
and
 Later by the Telephone

 Few decades after telephone invention, In 1895

 Marconi demonstrated the first radio transmission
 from the Isle of Wight (island in England) to a tugboat (a ship) 18 miles
away and radio communications was born

 Radio technology advanced rapidly to enable transmissions over

larger distance with
 better quality, less power, smaller/cheaper devices
 Enabling public and private radio communications, television and
wireless networking
 Early radio systems transmitted analog signals

 Today most radio systems transmit digital signals composed of

 Binary bits (stream or group of bits) obtained from a data signal or
by digitizing an analog signal

 Most successful application of wireless technology is cellular

telephone system
 Began in 1915: wireless voice transmission between New York and
San Francisco
 In 1946: public mobile telephone service was introduced in 25 cities
across the US (with very limited user capacity)
 Solution= cellular system concept in 60’s at Bell laboratories
 First field test was in 1978 (analog communication)
 Second generation of cellular systems, 1990, based on digital
communication
 Satellite systems, characterized by height of the satellite orbit
 Low-earth orbit (LEOs) = roughly 2000kms
 Medium-earth orbit (MEOs) = roughly 9000kms
 Geosynchronous orbit (GEOs) = roughly 40,000kms
 Seems stationary from earth
 The first GEO satellite was launched by Hughes and NASA in 1963
 GEOs then dominated both commercial and government satellite
systems for several decades

 To provide voice and data service competitive with cellular

systems
 lower-earth orbit (LEO) satellites were used in 1990s
 However, the satellite mobile terminals were much bigger,
consumed much more power, and cost much more than
contemporary cellular phones,
 which limited their appeal (demand)

 offer hundreds of TV channels and are major competitors to

cable
A Communication Model
 The fundamental purpose of a communications
system is the exchange of data between two parties
 For example, a workstation and a server over a public
telephone network

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

e.g. PTCL providing access to everyone
Components of a Communication Model
 Source: generates the data to be transmitted;
 Examples: telephones and personal computers
 Transmitter: a transmitter transforms and encodes the information in
form of electromagnetic signals that can be transmitted across some sort
of transmission system
 Usually, data generated by a source system are not transmitted directly
 For example, a modem takes a digital bit stream from an attached device
such as a personal computer and transforms that bit stream into an
analog signal that can be handled by the telephone network
 Transmission system: a single transmission line or a complex network
connecting source and destination
 Receiver: accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts
it into a form that can be handled by the destination device
 For example, a modem will accept an analog signal coming from a
network or transmission line and convert it into a digital bit stream
 Destination: Takes the incoming data from the receiver
 Another example is the exchange of voice signals
between two telephones over the same network

Tandem =
Alternate
Data Communication Model

Note: The message (m’) as viewed by the user will usually be an exact copy of the
original message (m)
 Another illustration of data communication model is
such as:
Communication Tasks
 Some of the key tasks that must be performed in a data
communications system
 Transmission system utilization: how to make efficient use
of transmission facilities shared among a number of
communicating devices
 Various techniques (i.e. multiplexing) are used to allocate the total
capacity of a transmission medium among a number of users

 Interfacing: To communicate, a device must interface with the

transmission system

 Signal generation: once an interface is established, signal

generation is required for communication
 The signal (format & intensity) must be such that it is
 capable of being propagated through the transmission system
 interpretable (as data) at the receiver
 Synchronization: there must be some form of synchronization
between transmitter and receiver
 The receiver must be able to determine when a signal begins to arrive
and when it ends
 It must also know the duration of each signal element

 Exchange management: If data are to be exchanged in both

directions over a period of time, the two parties must cooperate
 For example, for two parties to engage in a telephone conversation, one
party must dial the number of the other, causing signals to be
generated that result in the ringing of the called phone
 The called party completes a connection by lifting the receiver
 For data processing devices, more conventions will be needed than
simply establishing a connection such as:
 whether both devices may transmit simultaneously or must take turns
 the amount of data to be sent at one time
 the format of the data, and
 what to do if certain error arise
 Error detection and correction: In all communications
systems, there is a potential for error;
 transmitted signals are distorted to some extent before reaching
their destination
 Error detection and correction are required in circumstances
where errors cannot be tolerated
 E.g. transferring a file from one computer to another, it is not
acceptable that the contents of the file are accidentally altered

 Flow control: is required to assure that the source does not

overwhelm the destination by sending data faster than they can
be processed and absorbed
 Addressing: When more than two devices share a transmission
facility, a source system must indicate the identity of the intended
destination.
 To assure that the destination system, and only that system, receives
the data

 Routing: the transmission system may itself be a network through

which various paths may be taken. A specific route through this
network must be chosen

 Recovery: needed in situations in which an information exchange,

such as a database transaction or file transfer, is interrupted due to
a fault somewhere in the system
 The objective is either to be able to resume activity at the point of
interruption or at least to restore the state of the systems involved to
the condition prior to the beginning of the exchange
 Message formatting: the form of the data to be exchanged or
transmitted, such as the binary code for characters

 Security: Frequently, it is important to provide some measure of

security in a data communications system
 The sender of data may wish to be assured that only the intended
receiver actually receives the data
 And the receiver of data may wish to be assured that the received
data have not been altered in transit and that the data actually come
from the supposed sender

 Network management: Finally, a data communications facility

is a complex system that cannot create or run itself. Network
management capabilities are needed to configure the system,
monitor its status, react to failures and overloads, and plan
intelligently for future growth.
Communication Modes