Introduction to Statistics

NATURE, DEFINITION, IMPORTANCE AND RELEVANT TERMS

 Natures of Statistics

 The origin of modern statistics can be traced to two areas of interest,

which on the surface, have very little in common:
 Government (political science)
 and games of chance.
 Definition of Statistics and
Probability

 Statistics is used in everyday life, which people do not realize.

 The science of classification and manipulation of data in order to draw
inferences.
 Statistics is derived from the Latin word "status" meaning state.
 Two basic meanings of the word Statistics:
1. It refers to actual numbers derived from the data.
2. It refers as method of analysis.
 Definition of Statistics and
Probability

 Statistics is a collection of quantitative data, such as statistics of

crimes, statistics of enrolment, statistics of unemployment. Statistics
is also the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret
numerical information from data.
 Probability is derived from the verb to probe meaning to "find out"
what is not too easily accessible or understandable. The word "proof"
has the same origin that provides necessary details to understand what
is claimed to be true.
 Importance of Statistics

 In Business – help businessmen to plan and forecast productions

according to their customers. With statistics, the quality of products
can be checked efficiently.
 In Economics – use of statistical methods to determine the
relationship between supply and demand, imports and exports,
inflation rate and the per capital income.
 In Banking – banks uses statistical approaches based on probability
to estimate the number of depositors and their claims for a certain
day.
 In Education – used in analysis of enrolment and programs to offer,
used in determining factors affecting academic performance
 Importance of Statistics

 In Engineering and Design:

- Experiments are conducted to test properties of materials (tensile strength,
malleability, conductivity, porosity, other chemical properties) to be used for
construction, nanotechnology, automation, etc.

 In Industries/Manufacturing:
- Newly-acquired machines are tested for efficiency and performance.
- Products are tested if these meet standards and specifications. Statistics
allows determining variation among test analysis results, its causes and ways
to control.
 Importance of Statistics

 In Medicine:
- The research experiments are used to determine the effect of various
drugs under controlled environmental conditions in order to infer the
appropriate method of treatment of a particular disease.
- Statistics is used to model spread of virus.
- Statistics is used to describe and analyze growth patterns, organism
population characteristics, development of new treatment
technologies, etc
 Importance of Statistics

1.Surveys are done by television networks to determine if their programs are accepted by
viewers.
2.Some food companies conduct taste tests to observe reaction of consumers on their
product.
3.A researcher gathers the data on the spread of AH1N1 virus to determine if it is highly
likely to cause a pandemic.
4. Quality control analysts in a semi-conductor company determines the average tensile
strength of gold wires used for IC’s in computer chips.
5. Engineers in an automotive company simulates road conditions to test the performance
of their new car model.
6.The National Statistics Office gathers basic information on every household in the country.
7.And many, many others
 Two Kinds of Statistics

 Descriptive Statistics – Deals with the methods of organizing,

summarizing and presenting a mass of data so as to yield meaningful
information.

 Descriptive statistics is used to characterize the basic features of the

data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and
the measures. With descriptive statistics you are simply giving a
picture what is or what the data shows.
 Two Kinds of Statistics

 Inferential Statistics – Deals with making generalizations about a

body of data where only part of it is examined. This comprises those
methods concerned with the analysis of a subset of data leading to
predictions or inferences about the entire set of data. It involves drawing
conclusions based from evidence.

With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend
beyond the immediate data alone. Or, we use inferential statistics to make
judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a
dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study.
 Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

Descriptive statistics can answer questions such as:

1. How many students are interested to take Statistics online?

2. What are the highest and the lowest scores obtained by applicants in a
test?
3. What are the characteristics of the most likable professors according
to students?
4. Who performed better in the entrance examination
5. What proportion of XYZ college students like mathematics?
 Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics can answer questions such as:

1. Is there any significant difference in the academic performance of

male and female students in statistics?
2. Is there a significant difference between the mean GPAs of MKA,
HRM, COM and BTM students?
3. Is there a significant correlation between educational attainment and
job performance rating?
4. What will be the impact of an expensive oil?
5. Is our economy in recession?
 Examples of Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics

1. The tallest structure in the world standing at

2717 ft is the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

2. In 2017, Forbes named Global soccer icon

Cristiano Ronaldo as the top earning athlete
with $93 million, including $35 million off the
pitch from sponsors and licensing.
Examples of Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics

3. Because of his outstanding over-all averages in in the

2016-2017 NBA Season as compared to other players,
Russel Westbrook was highly predicted to be the NBA
Most Valuable Player (which he achieved).
4. There are already 54 earthquakes in the
Phils with intensity 6.0 to 6.9, where the
last earthquake happened in Lian
Batangas on August 11, 2017 with
intensity 6.1.
 Examples of Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics

5. Automotive industry owners would like to

determine their projected sales for the next 5 years
based on the previous years’ sales.

6. About 2 billion people, 1/3 of the world population,

watched the Royal Wedding of Prince William and
Kate Middleton.
 Examples of Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics
7. Despite an estimate of P100 billion cost to support
free tuition to state universities, the law was signed
covering a total of 112 state universities and colleges
nationwide as it was deemed having benefits far
outweighing the costs.

8. The 516 m tsunami that hit Lituya Bay, Alaska in July 1958
is around 13 times higher than the March 2011 tsunami in
Japan and 17 times higher than the one in December 2004 in
Indonesia.
 Examples of Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics
9. Amid the Marawi crisis and the declaration of
martial law in Mindanao, more Filipinos have
expressed satisfaction with President Rodrigo
Duterte's performance. Based on the latest survey
of Social Weather Stations (SWS), conducted from
June 23 to 26, Duterte earned a net satisfaction
score of +66, three percentage points higher than
the +63 he received in March this year.
10. A family of five needs an average income of at least
P8,778 a month to meet basic food and nonfood
needs, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA).
 Definition of Some Basic Statistical
Terms

 Population – It is the set of all individuals or entities under

consideration or study. It may be a finite or infinite collection of
objects, events, or individuals, with specified class or characteristics
under consideration.
 Individuals – people or objects included in the study.
 Definition of Some Basic Statistical
Terms

 Variable – characteristic of interest measurable on each and every

individual in the universe (denoted by any capital letter in the English
alphabet)
Types of Variable:
 Qualitative variable consists of categories or attributes which have
non-numerical characteristics.
 Quantitative variable consists of numbers representing counts or
measurements
 Definition of Some Basic Statistical
Terms

Classification of Quantitative Variable:

 Discrete quantitative variable results from either a finite number
of possible values or a countable number of possible values
 Continuous quantitative variable results from infinitely many
possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous
scale
 Identify each statement as having
discrete or continuous data.

 Among 500,000 microcomputer chips made by a company, 2 are found to be

defective.
 Yesterday’s records for a company’s marketing department show that 25
employees were absent.
 Speed radar on EDSA indicated that the driver was going 150 kph when ticketed
for speeding.
 The amount of time that a taxi driver spends yielding to individual pedestrians
each year is 2.367 seconds.
 Among 200 consumers surveyed, 186 recognize the Ligo Sardines brand name.
 Upon completion of a diet and exercise program, Tony weighed 12.37 lbs. less than
when he started the program.
 Identify the population, variable of
interest, and type of variable:

 Example1. The researcher would like to determine the average height of

BTM students at DLSU-Dasmariñas.

 Example 2. The librarian would like to determine the books commonly

borrowed by DLSU-D students

 Example 3. The researcher would like to know the time (in minutes) it will
take a student to finish a quiz in statistics.

 Example 4. The dean of a certain college would like to determine the average
weekly allowance of BS Computer Science students.
 Identify the population, variable of
interest, and type of variable:
 Other Examples:
1. The DLSU-D Admissions Office would like to conduct a survey on the preferred
th
courses of 4 year high school students in Cavite.
2. A quality controller in a tile company would like to know the number of defective
items among the batch manufactured during the first week of the month.
 3. A group of researchers would like to determine the different wastewater
treatment procedures of the manufacturing industries within EPZ Industrial Park.
4. An educator researches on the effect of online gaming on the academic performance
of college students in CALABARZON.
 5. An engineer experiments on the melting temperatures of different composite
metals developed by their company.
 Definition of Some Basic Statistical
Terms

 Sample – part of the population or a sub-collection of elements drawn from the

population
 Parameter – numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a
population.
 Statistic – numerical measurement describing some characteristics of a sample.
 Survey – conducted to gather opinions or feedbacks about a variety of topics
 Census survey – conducted by gathering information from the entire
population
 Sampling survey – conducted by gathering information only from part of the
population
 Identify the if the value given is
parameter or statistic:
Tell whether the given value/s is a statistic or a parameter.

1.The 100-man senate of a certain country consists of 87 men and 13 women.

2.A sample of students is selected and the average number of textbooks purchased this
semester is 4.2.
3.Among the crates of beverages for delivery in the following month, the first lot was
taken and it was found that the average volume was 1.04L.
4.In a study of all 2223 passengers aboard Titanic, it was found that 706 survived when it
sank.
5.The average reaction time for a sample of the new antibiotic is 33 min.
 Levels of Measurement

 The level of measurement dictates how a variable is treated,

measured and manipulated in a research. The level of a
variable identifies the statistical tool needed for sorting,
organizing and analysis.
 Each level is able to measure four properties: identity,
magnitude, equal intervals and a minimum value of zero.
 The hierarchy determines how restrictive and sensitive the
data analyses can be.
 The levels are: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
 Levels of Measurement

 Level 1. Nominal is characterized by data that consists of names,

labels, or categories only. No ranking can be done. Measures only
identity.
Ex. name civil status sex
religion address degree program
 Levels of Measurement

 Level 2. Ordinal involves data that may arranged in some order,

but differences between data values either cannot be determined,
nor easily quantified or are meaningless. Measures identity and
magnitude.
Ex. 1. military rank 2. job position 3. year level
4. Satisfaction level
 Levels of Measurement

 Level 3. Interval is like the ordinal level, with the additional

property that meaningful amounts of differences between data
can be determined. However, there is no inherent (natural) zero
starting point. Measure identity, magnitude and intervals among
data.
Ex. 1. IQ score
2. temperature (in 0C)

3. Grades (reported as 1.00, 1.25, 1.50…)

 Levels of Measurement

 Level 4. Ratio – very similar to interval level but modified to include the
inherent zero starting point. For values at this level, differences and ratios are
meaningful. Measure identity, magnitude, intervals and minimum value of
zero. One can run all statistical treatments for ratio variables.

Ex. 1. height
2. area
3. weekly allowance
4. number of children
5. Air wattage
 Characteristics of 4 levels of
measurements.

have an inherent order are numbers with are numbers that

are
Type Level from more to less equal intervals have a theoretical
names
or higher to lower between them zero point
Nominal X
Categorical/
Qualitative
Ordinal X X

Interval X X X
Numerical/
Quantitative
Ratio X X X X
 Levels of measurements.

For the following variables:

a. Identify if qualitative or quantitative.
b. Tell if it is discrete or continuous.
c. Identify the level of measurement
(nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)

1.Diameter of trees (trunk)

2.Evaluation of teachers as excellent, very satisfactory,…
3.Volume of water consumed by household in a subdivision
4.Year level in school
5.Course Grade (in percentage) in a subject
6.Car Plate Number
7.Width of roads
8.Gender
9.Number of buildings in a compound