TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

• The TCPIIP protocol suite was developed prior

to the OSI model.
• Therefore, the layers in the TCP/IP protocol
suite do not exactly match those in the OSI
model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined
as having four layers:
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• Host-to-network.
• Internet.
• Transport.
• Application.
Host-to- Internet Transport Application
network • Network • Session • Session
• Physical • IP • TCP • Presentation
• Data link • ARP • UDP • Application
• RARP • SCTP
• ICMP
• IGMP
 Comparison OSI to TCP/IP
• when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the host-to-network layer is equivalent to
the combination of the physical and data link
layers.
• The internet layer is equivalent to the network
layer.
• The application layer is roughly doing the job
of the session, presentation, and application
layers.
 Comparison OSI to TCP/IP
• Transport layer in TCPIIP taking care of part of
the duties of the session layer.
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• we assume that the TCPIIP protocol suite is
made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application. The first
four layers provide physical standards,
network interfaces, internetworking, and
transport functions that correspond to the
first four layers of the OSI model.
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• The three topmost layers in the OSI model,
however, are represented in TCPIIP by a single
layer called the application layer
 TCP/IP
• At the transport layer, TCP/IP defines three
protocols.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Stream Control
Transmission Protocol (SCTP).
• At the network layer, the main protocol
defined by TCP/IP is the Internetworking
Protocol (IP)
 Physical and Data Link Layers
• At the physical and data link layers, TCPIIP
does not define any specific protocol. It
supports all the standard and proprietary
protocols. A network in a TCPIIP internetwork
can be a local-area network or a wide-area
network
 Network Layer
• At the network layer (or, more accurately, the
internetwork layer), TCP/IP supports the
Internetworking Protocol. IP, in turn, uses four
supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and
IGMP
 Internetworking Protocol (IP)
• The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the
transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP
protocols.
• It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol-
a best-effort delivery service.
• The term best effort means that IP provides no
error checking or tracking.
 Internetworking Protocol (IP)
• IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying
layers and does its best to get a transmission
through to its destination, but with no
guarantees.
 Internetworking Protocol (IP)
• IP transports data in packets called
datagrams, each of which is transported
separately.
• Datagrams can travel along different routes
and can arrive out of sequence or be
Duplicated .
• IP does not keep track of the routes and has
no facility for reordering datagrams once they
arrive at their destination
 Address Resolution Protocol
• The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used
to associate a logical address with a physical
address.
• On a typical physical network, such as a LAN,
each device on a link is identified by a physical
or station address, usually imprinted on the
network interface card (NIC).
 Address Resolution Protocol
• ARP is used to find the physical address of the
node when its Internet address is known
 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
• The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical
address.
• It is used when a computer is connected to a
network for the first time or when a diskless
computer is booted.
Internet Control Message Protocol
• The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
is a mechanism used by hosts and gateways to
send notification of datagram problems back
to the sender.
• ICMP sends query and error reporting
messages
 Internet Group Message Protocol
• The Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP)
is used to facilitate the simultaneous
transmission of a message to a group of
recipients.
 Transport Layer
• Traditionally the transport layer was
represented in TCP/IP by two protocols: TCP
and UDP.
• IP is a host-to-host protocol, meaning that it
can deliver a packet from one physical device
to another.
• UDP and TCP are transport level protocols
responsible for delivery of a message from a
process (running program) to another process.
 Assignment
• Compare the SCTP With TCP/IP protocol
 User Datagram Protocol
• The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is the
simpler of the two standard TCP/IP transport
protocols.
• It is a process-to-process protocol that adds
only port addresses, checksum error control,
and length information to the data from the
upper layer.
 Transmission Control Protocol
• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides full transport-layer services to
applications.
• TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol.
• The term stream, in this context, means
connection-oriented: A connection must be
established between both ends of a
transmission before either can transmit data.
 Transmission Control Protocol
• At the sending end of each transmission, TCP
divides a stream of data into smaller units
called segments.
• Each segment includes a sequence number for
reordering after receipt, together with an
acknowledgment number for the segments
received.
• Segments are carried across the internet
inside of IP datagrams.
 Transmission Control Protocol
• At the receiving end, TCP collects each
datagram as it comes in and reorders the
transmission based on sequence numbers
 Stream Control Transmission Protocol
• The Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP) provides support for newer
applications such as voice over the Internet.
• The Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP) provides support for newer
applications such as voice over the Internet.
 Application Layer
• The application layer in TCPIIP is equivalent to
the combined session, presentation, and
application layers in the OSI model
 ADDRESSING
• Four levels of addresses are used in an
internet employing the TCP/IP protocols.
• physical (link) addresses.
• logical (IP) addresses.
• port addresses.
• specific addresses
ADDRESSING
Relationship of layers and addresses in
TCP/IP
 Physical Addresses
• The physical address, also known as the link
address, is the address of a node as defined by
its LAN or WAN.
• It is included in the frame used by the data
link layer.
• It is the lowest-level address.
 Physical Addresses
• The physical addresses have authority over
the network (LAN or WAN). The size and
format of these addresses vary depending on
the network.
• For example, Ethernet uses a 6-byte (48-bit)
physical address that is imprinted on the
network interface card (NIC).
 Logical Addresses
• Logical addresses are necessary for universal
communications that are independent of
underlying physical networks.
• Physical addresses are not adequate in an
internetwork environment where different
networks can have different address formats.
• A universal addressing system is needed in
which each host can be identified uniquely,
regardless of the underlying physical network.
 Logical Addresses
• The logical addresses are designed for this
purpose. A logical address in the Internet is
currently a 32-bit address that can uniquely
define a host connected to the Internet.
• No two publicly addressed and visible hosts
on the Internet can have the same IP address.
 Logical Addresses
• The physical addresses will change from hop
to hop, but the logical addresses usually
remain the same.
 Port Addresses
• The IP address and the physical address are
necessary for a quantity of data to travel from a
source to the destination host.
• However, arrival at the destination host is not the
final objective of data communications on the
Internet.
• A system that sends nothing but data from one
computer to another is not complete. Today,
computers are devices that can run multiple
processes at the same time.
 Port Addresses
• The end objective of Internet communication
is a process communicating with another
process.
• For example, computer A can communicate
with computer C by using TELNET. At the same
time, computer A communicates with
computer B by using the File Transfer Protocol
(FTP).
 Port Addresses
• For these processes to receive data
simultaneously, we need a method to label
the different processes. In other words, they
need addresses.
• In the TCPIIP architecture, the label assigned
to a process is called a port address.
• A port address in TCPIIP is 16 bits in length.
• The physical addresses change from hop to
hop, but the logical and port addresses usually
remain the same
 Specific Addresses
• Some applications have user-friendly addresses
that are designed for that specific address.
• Examples include the e-mail address (for
example, [email protected]) and the Universal
Resource Locator (URL) (for example,
www.mhhe.com).
• The first defines the recipient of an e-mail the
second is used to find a document on the World
Wide Web
 Specific Addresses
• These addresses, however, get changed to the
corresponding port and logical addresses by
the sending computer.