Embedded System

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. SOUMYA PATIL
Introduction
 Embedded Systems are inseparable part of our life.
 Whether we are at home or office or on the move, we are always surrounded by
embedded systems.
 Starting from home appliances like TV, washing machine and systems like printer and
elevator in workplace to the automobiles and automatic traffic control system are all
examples of embedded systems.
 All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details about latest
technologies, new devices; fast applications which make us believe that our basic
survival is controlled by these embedded products.
 Embedded system is a combination of Hardware and Software Design to meet a
specific need with performance in given time frame.
Characteristics of an Embedded System
 They compute results in real time ,without any delay.
 They are low cost
 They use little power
 They are small in size
Why they are called so?
In Embedded Systems all the circuits are embedded on the chip but they
are so small in size that they often go unnoticed.
Applications of EMD
 Automatic teller machines (ATM)
 Cellular telephones and telephones Switches
 Household appliances
 Inertial guidance systems in aircraft and missiles
 Multifunction wristwatches
 Medical equipment
 Personal digital assistants
 Programmable logic controllers
 Audio/visual equipment
 Programmable logic controllers
 Personal computer peripheral office equipment
ARDUINO
What is Arduino?
Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able
to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED. We
can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board.
History
 It was in the year 2005 that the first ever Arduino board was born in the classrooms of the Interactive Design
Institute in Ivrea, Italy. Well, if you are not very familiar with the term, an Arduino is an Open Source
microcontroller based development board that has opened the doors of electronics to a number of designers and
creative engineers.
 It was in the Interactive Design Institute that a hardware thesis was contributed for a wiring design by a Colombian
student named Hernando Barragan.
About Arduino
 The new prototype board, the Arduino, created by Massimo Banzi and other founders, is a low
cost microcontroller board that allows even a beginner to do great things in electronics. An
Arduino can be connected to all kind of lights, motors, sensors and other devices; easy-to-learn
programming language can be used to program how the new creation behaves. Using the
Arduino, you can build an interactive display or a mobile robot or anything that you can
imagine.
 David A. Mellis, the lead software developer of Arduino, states that this little board has made it
possible for people to do things they wouldn’t have done otherwise.
Advantages of Arduino
 Inexpensive: Pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than
Microcontroller
 Cross-platform: The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller
systems are limited to Windows.
 Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino Software
(IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced
users to take advantage of as well.
 Open source and extensible software: Same tool can be used for
C, C++, AVR Code developers.
 Open source and extensible hardware: Experienced circuit
designers can make their own version of the module, extending it
and improving it.
Arduino UNO board
Component Explanations
 Analog input Pins: Pins (A0-A5) that take-in analog values to be converted to be represented with a number range 0-1023 through an
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
 ATmega328 chip: 8-bit microcontroller that processes the sketch you programmed.
 Built-in LED: In order to gain access or control of this pin, you have to change the configuration of pin 13 where it is connected to.
 Crystal Oscillator: clock that has a frequency of 16MHz
 DC Jack: Where the power source (AC-to-DC adapter or battery) should be connected. It is limited to input values between 6-20V but
recommended to be around 7-12V.
 Digital I/O pins: Input and output pins (0-13) of which 6 of them (3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11) also provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) output
by using the analogWrite() function. Pins (0 (RX) and 1 (TX)) are also used to transmit and receive serial data.
 ICSP Header: pins for “In-Circuit Serial Programming” which is another method of programming.
 ON indicator: LED that lights up when the board is connected to a power source.
 Power Pins: Pins that can be used to supply a circuit with values VIN (voltage from DC Jack), 3.3V and 5V.
 Reset Button: A button that is pressed whenever you need to restart the sketch programmed in the board.
 USB port: Allows the user to connect with a USB cable the board to a PC to upload sketches or provide a voltage supply to the board. This
is also used for serial communication through the serial monitor from the Arduino software.
ATmeg328 Microcontroller
Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32KB(ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
Node MCU (ESP8266)

Node MCU is a microcontroller which is connected to IOT server through internet . MCU will receive the ON
OFF packets from server and switches appliances respect to server signal.
Espress if Systems’ Smart Connectivity Platform (ESCP) is a set of high performance, high integration wireless SOCs,
designed for space and power constrained mobile platform designers. It provides unsurpassed ability to embed WIFI
capabilities within other systems, or to function as a standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space
requirement.
Pin Diagram of ESP8266

pin Diagram of ESP8266 chip of ESP8266

Features
 802.11 b/g/n
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units
 Supports antenna diversity
 Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
 Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
 FCC, CE, TELEC, Wi-Fi Alliance, and SRRC certified
C
C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis
M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally
first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978, Brian Kernighan
and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now
known as the K&R standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and
essentially all UNIX application programs have been written in C. C has now
become a widely used professional language for various reasons.
 Easy to learn
 Structured language
 It produces efficient programs
 It can handle low-level activities
 It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms
IOT Server
Introduction
 IOT server is an open source.
 IOT server will triggered by the IFTTT server i.e., it send the ON OF
commands packets to the Node Mcuecp8266.

Adafruit software page

 Adafruit IO is a system that makes data useful. Our focus is on ease of use, and allowing simple
data connections with little programming required.
 IO includes client libraries that wrap our REST and MQTT APIs. IO is built on Ruby on Rails,
and Node.js.
 Adafruit IO is currently in beta. If you would like to join the beta, head over to io.adafruit.com to
sign up.
BLINK LED WITH ARDUINO
Open the Arduino IDE and write the following program to blink an LED. I have written the classic
LED blinking example provided in the book Getting Started with Arduino. You may see the
screenshot below. After writing the program you may save it with a file name of your choice (find
File–>Save on menu bar of IDE)
Interfacing to an LCD Screen Using an Arduino

STEP 1 – SELECTING THE BOARD: STEP 2 – SELECT THE RIGHT PORT:

selecting type of board selecting tools

There are two steps involved in loading the program from your PC to Arduino board via the
Arduino IDE. First step is compiling and second step is called burning.

STEP 1:- Compiling: STEP 2:- Burning

compiling program uploading program

Program
const int LED = 13;
void setup()
{
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
LED with Arduino