Pulse modulation techniques encode information from an analog signal into pulses. There are two main types: analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. Analog techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses, PWM varies pulse width, and PPM varies pulse position. Digital techniques include pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code through sampling and quantization. Delta modulation encodes the difference between successive samples into a 1-bit data stream. Both modulation types allow for transmission of analog signals but digital provides advantages like easier reception and ability to store signals.
Pulse modulation techniques encode information from an analog signal into pulses. There are two main types: analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. Analog techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses, PWM varies pulse width, and PPM varies pulse position. Digital techniques include pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code through sampling and quantization. Delta modulation encodes the difference between successive samples into a 1-bit data stream. Both modulation types allow for transmission of analog signals but digital provides advantages like easier reception and ability to store signals.
Pulse modulation techniques encode information from an analog signal into pulses. There are two main types: analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. Analog techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses, PWM varies pulse width, and PPM varies pulse position. Digital techniques include pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code through sampling and quantization. Delta modulation encodes the difference between successive samples into a 1-bit data stream. Both modulation types allow for transmission of analog signals but digital provides advantages like easier reception and ability to store signals.
Pulse modulation techniques encode information from an analog signal into pulses. There are two main types: analog pulse modulation and digital pulse modulation. Analog techniques include pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses, PWM varies pulse width, and PPM varies pulse position. Digital techniques include pulse code modulation (PCM) and delta modulation. PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code through sampling and quantization. Delta modulation encodes the difference between successive samples into a 1-bit data stream. Both modulation types allow for transmission of analog signals but digital provides advantages like easier reception and ability to store signals.
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PULSE MODULATION
Engr. Mansoor A. Soomro
Lecturer (EL- MUET) Pulse Modulation
Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation
Pulse Amplitude (PAM) Pulse Code (PCM)
Pulse Width (PWM) Delta (DM)
Pulse Position (PPM)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
* The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at that sampling instant. This technique is called “sampling”. * For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be more than twice the signal frequency. Pulse Amplitude Modulator Analog AND PAM FM Pulse Shaping PAM - FM Signal Gate Network Modulator
Pulses at sampling frequency HF Carrier Oscillator
Analog Signal
Amplitude Modulated Pulses Pulse Width Modulation (PWM or PLM or PDM): * In this type, the amplitude is maintained constant but the duration or length or width of each pulse is varied in accordance with instantaneous value of the analog signal. * The negative side of the signal is brought to the positive side by adding a fixed d.c. voltage.
Analog Signal
Width Modulated Pulses
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM): * In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude and width whereas the position of each pulse is varied as per instantaneous value of the analog signal.
* PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It has
positive thin pulses (zero time or width) corresponding to the starting edge of a PWM pulse and negative thin pulses corresponding to the ending edge of a pulse.
* This wave can be
further amended PWM by eliminating the whole positive narrow pulses. PPM The remaining pulse is called clipped PPM. PAM, PWM and PPM at a glance:
Analog Signal
Amplitude Modulated Pulses
Width Modulated Pulses
Position Modulated Pulses
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): * Analog signal is converted into digital signal by using a digital code. * Analog to digital converter employs two techniques:
1. Sampling: The process of generating pulses of zero width
and of amplitude equal to the instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal. The no. of pulses per second is called “sampling rate”.
2. Quantization: The process of dividing the maximum value
of the analog signal into a fixed no. of levels in order to convert the PAM into a Binary Code. The levels obtained are called “quanization levels”. Quantization range = 2 (no of A / D converter bits ) * A digital signal is described by its ‘bit rate’ whereas analog signal is described by its ‘frequency range’.
* Bit rate = sampling rate x no. of bits / sample
V Sampling, o l Quantization t and Coding a g e Time 7 111 L 6 110 B e 101 i C 5 v 4 100 n o e 3 011 a d l 2 010 r e s 1 001 s 0 000 y Time V o 010101110111110101010 l t a g e Time Delta Modulation Delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital- to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data is reduced to a 1-bit data stream.
Its main features are:
• The analog signal is approximated with a series of segments • Each segment of the approximated signal is compared to the original analog wave to determine the increase or decrease in relative amplitude • The decision process for establishing the state of successive bits is determined by this comparison • Only the change of information is sent, that is, only an increase or decrease of the signal amplitude from the previous sample is sent whereas a no-change condition causes the modulated signal to remain at the same 0 or 1 state of the previous sample. • To achieve high signal to noise ratio, delta modulation must use over sampling techniques, that is, the analog signal is sampled at a rate several times higher than the nyquist rate. Fig: Block diagram of delta modulator / demodulator Merits of Digital Communication: 1. Digital signals are very easy to receive. The receiver has to just detect whether the pulse is low or high. 2. AM & FM signals become corrupted over much short distances as compared to digital signals. In digital signals, the original signal can be reproduced accurately. 3. The signals lose power as they travel, which is called attenuation. When AM and FM signals are amplified, the noise also get amplified. But the digital signals can be cleaned up to restore the quality and amplified by the regenerators. 4. The noise may change the shape of the pulses but not the pattern of the pulses. 5. AM and FM signals can be received by any one by suitable receiver. But digital signals can be coded so that only the person, who is intended for, can receive them. 6. AM and FM transmitters are ‘real time systems’. i.e. they can be received only at the time of transmission. But digital signals can be stored at the receiving end. 7. The digital signals can be stored, or used to produce a display on a computer monitor or converted back into analog signal to drive a loud speaker. Any Questions
