Assembly Language For x86 Processors: Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
Assembly Language For x86 Processors: Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
6th Edition
Kip Irvine
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Chapter Overview
• Virtual Machines
• Specific Machine Levels
• Level 4
• Application-oriented languages
• C++, Java, Pascal, Visual Basic . . .
• Programs compile into assembly language
(Level 4)
• Level 3
• Instruction mnemonics(Human
understandable words) that have a one-to-
one correspondence to machine language
• Programs are translated into Instruction Set
Architecture Level - machine language
(Level 2)
• Level 2
• Also known as conventional machine
language
• Executed by Level 1 (Digital Logic)
• Level 1
• CPU, constructed from digital logic gates
• System bus
• Memory
• Implemented using bipolar transistors
Every binary
number is a
sum of powers
of 2
37 = 100101
carry: 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 (4)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 (7)
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 (11)
bit position: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
word 16
Standard sizes:
doubleword 32
quadword 64
Hexa Decimal
sign bit
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
Negative
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Positive
• NOT
• AND
• OR
• Operator Precedence
• Truth Tables
NOT
AND
OR
Example: X Y