ENGINEERING DRAWING
WEEK 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING DRAWING
PowerPoint® Slides
Lecturer
Endra Sujatmika
Last Updated:22 October 2019 1
Chapter Overview
• Chapter 1 introduced you to the original concept or idea
usually placed on paper or as an image on a computer
screen and communicated to others by way of graphic
language in the form of freehand sketches.
• You also learn the traditional methods of creating
technical drawings using drawing instruments. Sketching
technique is one of the most important skills for
engineering visualization.
• Lettering is part of sketching and drawing. Before CAD,
lettering had much more emphasis in engineering and
technical graphics. Now it is no longer necessary to spend
hours working on lettering techniques. CAD systems offer
the user many different typestyles that can be varied in a
number of ways.
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Learning Objectives
• Describe why the use of graphics is an effective
means of communicating when designing.
• Define standards and conventions as applied to
technical drawings.
• Identify the types and thickness of the various
lines in the alphabet of lines.
• Identify traditional tools used for sketching.
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Learning Outcomes
• Students are required to understand the
traditional tools used for sketching.
• To gain an understand of the good hand lettering
practice to add text to a drawing.
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Graphic Communications
• Using visual materials to relate ideas
• Drawings
• Photographs
• Slides
• Sketches
Drawings Described
• A drawing is a graphic representation of an idea,
concept, or an entity that actually or potentially exists
in life.
• The drawing itself is:
• A way to communicate all necessary information about an
abstraction, such as idea or concept
• A graphic representation of some real entity such as a
machine part, a house, or a tool.
Types of Drawings
• Artistic
• Used to express feelings, beliefs, philosophies, or
abstract ideas.
• Technical
• A means of clearly communicating all of the
information needed by individuals for converting the
idea or concept into reality.
• It also contains dimensions, notes, and specifications.
• Good technical drawing allows the conversion process
to proceed without having to ask to designer or drafter
for additional information or clarification.
Application of Technical Drawings
• Used in any setting that involves design
• Manufacturing
• Manufacturing engineers use technical drawings to document designs of
products
• Engineering
• Structural, electrical, and mechanical (heating, ventilating, air
conditioning, and plumbing) engineers use technical drawings to design\
install systems and structures
• Civil engineers and surveyors use technical drawing to layout a new
subdivision
• Architecture
• Residential, commercial, and industrial buildings are represented first in
technical drawings
• Construction
• Use blueprints to convert architectural and engineering designs into
reality
Sample of Technical Drawing
• For Civil Engineering:
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Sample of Technical Drawing
• For Mechanical Engineering:
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Paper sizes
• Engineering drawings are to be prepared on
standard size drawing sheets
The correct shape and size of the object
can be visualized from the understanding
of not only the views of it but also from the
various types of lines used, dimensions,
notes, scale, etc.
To provide the correct information about
the drawings to all the people concerned,
the drawings must be prepared, following
certain standard practices, as
recommended by Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS).
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Preferred drawing sheet sizes
• ISO standard - A Series:
• Comparison between ISO and ANSI standards:
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Lettering and Alphabets
• Lettered text is often necessary to completely
describe an object or to provide detailed
specifications.
• Lettering should be legible, be easy to create,
and use styles acceptable for technical drawing.
• Single Stroke letters: The word single-stroke
should not be taken to mean that the letter should
be made in one stroke without lifting the pencil,
they are two types i) Vertical
ii) Inclined
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Vertical & Inclined Alphabets & Lettering
• Single-stroke Gothic letters are used today
because they are very legible:
• Vertical Inclined
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Lettering and Alphabets
• Guideline:
- The letters height used in notes and dimension
should not be less than 3 mm tall.
- For drawing numbers & section letters:
Sheets A2 & A3: letters height is 6 mm
Sheets A0 & A1: letters height is 9 mm
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DRAFTING BOARD
Engineering Drawing Instruments
• Principal of Equipment
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Drawing Instruments and Aids
• The main instruments used in draughting work
are listed below:
1. Drawing board 2. Instrument box
3. Triangles 4. Protractor
5. Set of scales 6. French curves
7. Drawing paper 8. Pencils
9. T-square 10. Eraser
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Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Specification of drawing pencil:
• Grade of drawing pencil:
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Pencil Grade
• 6B - Very soft for shading and rendering of pictorial views
• B - Soft for drawing thick "border" lines on title blocks and drawing sheets
• HB - Medium thick lines for freehand sketching
• F - Medium thick lines for freehand sketching
• H - Medium thick lines for freehand sketching or lettering or drawing visible
edges and outlines of surfaces
• 2H - Hard thin lines for drawing hidden lines to show hidden surfaces or
interior details
• 4H – Hard thinner lines for drawing center lines and locating centers of circle
and arcs or the axis of a cylinder
• 6H - Hard very thin lines for drawing construction or layout lines and guide
lines for lettering
Mechanical Pencil Grades
• It is divided to 18 grades
• 7B until 2B
• Most mild, Suitable for sketching drawing
• For cross section line , profile line, title letters
• 3H until B
• For visible line , cross section line , title letter
• Suitable for sketching drawing and technical drawing
• 4H until 9H
• The hardest, Not suitable for technical drawing
Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Specification of triangles:
30, 45, 60 and 70
degrees triangles.
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Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Use of triangles:
When it is 15 or 75 degrees
required for drawing, you
can not only use
projector, but also two
triangles.
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Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Preparation of compass:
• Sharpening compass lead:
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Drawing Instruments and Aids
• Use of compass and triangle together:
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Drawing Instruments Arrangement
• Position of T-square:
Error! Correct!
• Position of Drafting Tape:
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Drawing Instruments Arrangement
• Position of pencil – horizontal line:
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Drawing Instruments Arrangement
• Position of pencil – vertical line:
Try to twist your
body to get
pencil
approx. 60
degree to
paper.
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Drawing Paper Arrangement
• To lay out a drawing paper:
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Scales
• Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element of
an object as represented in the drawing, to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object itself.
Wherever possible, it is desirable to make full size
drawings, so as to represent true shapes and sizes.
• Designation: The complete designation of a scale should
consist of the word Scale, followed by the indication of its
ratio as:
i. SCALE 1 : 1 for full size,
ii. SCALE × : 1 for enlarged scales,
iii. SCALE 1 : × for reduced scales.
• The designation of the scale used on the drawing should
be shown in the title block.
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Recommended scales
• The recommended scales for use on technical
drawings are given in Table. The scale and the
size of the object in turn, will decide the size of
the drawing.
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Types of Technical Drawings
• Parallel Projection (3 types)
• 1. Orthographic
• Multi-view drawing
• Shows flat representations of principal views of an object
• Principal Views (Front, Top, and Right side)
• 2. Oblique
• 3. Axonometric
• Isometric
• A three dimensional view of an object based on a 30 degree
viewing angle
• Perspective Projection
• Attempts to replicate what the eye actually sees
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30 Degrees 30 Degrees
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References
• Giesecke, F.E. et al., Technical Drawing,
13thEdition,Prentice Hall, 2005
• Bethune, JD., Visual Introduction to
AutoCAD and 3D Designing, Prentice Hall.
• Bertoline, G.R., Wiebe, E.N., Miller.,
Technical Graphics and Communication,
3rdEdition, Mc Graw Hill, 2003
• James M. Kirkpartick., AutoCAD; Drawing,
Modelling and Applications, Pearson, 2007
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