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Cytological Bases of Heredity

This document discusses the cytological bases of heredity, including the nature of chromosomes and cell division. It describes how chromosomes are the carriers of genes and can vary in size and number between species. It also explains how chromosomes replicate and segregate accurately during cell division through structures like centromeres and telomeres. The document discusses different types of chromosome banding techniques used in cytogenetics like G-banding, Q-banding, C-banding, and R-banding. It also defines mitosis and meiosis, and describes the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction and introducing genetic variation.

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85 views42 pages

Cytological Bases of Heredity

This document discusses the cytological bases of heredity, including the nature of chromosomes and cell division. It describes how chromosomes are the carriers of genes and can vary in size and number between species. It also explains how chromosomes replicate and segregate accurately during cell division through structures like centromeres and telomeres. The document discusses different types of chromosome banding techniques used in cytogenetics like G-banding, Q-banding, C-banding, and R-banding. It also defines mitosis and meiosis, and describes the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction and introducing genetic variation.

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Anonymous tuqhEQJ
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CYTOLOGICAL BASES OF

HEREDITY

A. Nature of chromosomes Classification /Banding/


Number

B. Cell Div Mitosis / meiosis Significance of meiosis


CHROMOSOM
E
CHROMOSOME
S
Chromosomes are the physical
carriers of genes, consisting of DNA
and associated proteins. Bacteria
typically have one circular
chromosome, while eukaryotes
usually have linear chromosomes and
vary widely in their sizes and
numbers of chromosomes.
All chromosomes have the capacity to
transmit genes faithfully during cell
division. The structures of the eukaryotic
chromosome that allow them to do this are
replication origins, telomeres which protect
the chromosome ends, and centromeres
for microtubule attachment and
microtubule motor binding in cell division.
Chromosomes must also be able to
condense during cell division so that
they can align onto the spindles and be
moved to the spindle poles.
Chromosomes sometimes fail to
separate during meiosis, a
•phenomenon
Chromosomes sometimes
known as fail to separate during
meiosis, a phenomenon
nondisjunction. As a result,known
one as nondisjunction.
As a result, one haploid daughter gamete contains
haploid daughter gamete contains
both members of a chromosomal pair for a total of
both members of a chromosomal
24 chromosomes, whereas the other haploid
pair for a total
gamete of 24
contains chromosomes,
only 22 chromosomes
whereas the other haploid gamete
contains only 22 chromosomes
CHROMOSOME BANDING
TYPES OF CHROMOSOME
BANDING
G- BANDING

-a series of light and dark


stripes along the length of the
chromosome.
-uses a stain called Giemsa
stain
- yields a fluorescent pattern.
- It is similar in pattern to G-
banding, but glows yellow
-uses a stain called quinacrine
C-BANDING
- only stains the centromeres. Centromeres are
little constricted portions of chromosomes. That's
where sister chromatids (two copies of the same
chromosome) will attach to each other when the cell
is getting ready to divide.
R- BANDING

- is a cytogenetics technique that produces the


reverse of the G-band stain on chromosomes.
R-banding is obtained by incubating the slides
in hot phosphate buffer, then a subsequent
treatment of giemsa dye. Resulting
chromosome patterns shows darkly stained R
bands, the complement to G-bands
Although the first observations of what could be
called chromosome banding were made at the
end of the nineteenth century, modern
chromosome banding methods date from 1968
and can be applied to chromosomes of a wide
variety of species with no more than slight
modifications.
Following the introduction of Q-banding by
Caspersson and his colleagues in 1968,
Pardue and Gall inadvertently produced
differential staining of heterochromatin in
their pioneering in situ hybridization studies,
leading directly to C-banding, and in 1971 G-
banding was discovered by several authors. R-
banding was also introduced in 1971.
CELL DIVISION

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS


Cell division is the process by
which a parent cell divides into
two or more daughter cells.[1]
Meiosis-: the cellular process that results in the
number of chromosomes in gamete-producing
cells being reduced to one half and that involves a
reduction division in which one of each pair of
homologous chromosomes passes to each
daughter cell and a mitotic division.
Mitosis- when new cells are made in the body
for growth and repair or in asexual
reproduction, the cells divide to produce two
identical daughter cells.
- the other form of cell division takes place
only in the sex organs and is used to gorm
gametes.
SIGNIFICANCE
SIGNIFICANCE
OFOF
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
Formation of gametes

− Meiosis form gametes


that are essential for
sexual reproduction
Genetic information
− Meiosis switches on the genetic
information for the development of
gametes.
Maintenance of chromosome
number
− Meiosis maintains the fixed
number of chromosomes in
sexually reproducing organisms.
Crossing over
− It introduces new
combination of traits or
variations.
Mutation
− take place due to
irregularities of meiotic
division
REPORTERS:
1. JAMES P. CAPUYA
2. ANGELICA C. LAURON
3. CLAUDENE POTOY
4. MARY JOY B. RAYMUNDO
THANK YOU!

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