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Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors: Modifications by Mutya Vonnisa, M.SC

Phy - 1

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Fadhila Ifa
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20 views16 pages

Units, Physical Quantities, and Vectors: Modifications by Mutya Vonnisa, M.SC

Phy - 1

Uploaded by

Fadhila Ifa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 1

Units, Physical
Quantities, and Vectors
Modifications by
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Mutya Vonnisa, M.Sc
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Lectures by Wayne Anderson


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 1
• Three fundamental quantities of physics: meters, kilograms,
and seconds
• To keep track of significant figures in calculations
• To understand vectors and scalars and how to add vectors
graphically
• To determine vector components and how to use them in
calculations
• To understand unit vectors and how to use them with
components to describe vectors
• To learn two ways of multiplying vectors

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Standards and units
• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental
quantities of physics.
• The International System (SI for Système
International) is the most widely used system of
units.
• In SI units, length is measured in meters, time in
seconds, and mass in kilograms.
• Sorry – I know engineers sometimes (often?) use
other units!

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit prefixes
• Table 1.1 shows some larger and smaller units for the
fundamental quantities.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Uncertainty and significant figures—Figure 1.7
• The uncertainty of a measured quantity
is indicated by its number of
significant figures.
• For multiplication and division, the
answer can have no more significant
figures than the smallest number of
significant figures in the factors.
• For addition and subtraction, the
number of significant figures is
determined by the term having the
fewest digits to the right of the decimal
point.
• As this train mishap illustrates, even a
small percent error can have
spectacular results!

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit consistency and conversions
• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added
or equated must always have the same units. (Be sure you’re
adding “apples to apples.”)
• Always carry units through calculations.
• How many seconds in a light year?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Vectors and scalars
• A scalar quantity can be described by a single
number.
• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a
direction in space, or…

• In this book, a vector quantity is represented



in
boldface italic type with an arrow over it: A.
 
• The magnitude of A is written as A or |A|.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Adding two vectors graphically—Figures 1.11–1.12
• Two vectors may be added graphically using either the parallelogram
method or the head-to-tail method.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Components of a vector—Figure 1.17
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy. Vector
components provide a general method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a y-
component Ay.
• Use trigonometry to find the components of a vector: Ax = Acos θ and
Ay = Asin θ, where θ is measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Finding components—Figure 1.19
• We can calculate the components of a vector from its magnitude
and direction.
• Follow Example 1.6.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Calculations using components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its magnitude
Ay
and direction: A  Ax  Ay and tan 
2 2
A x
• We can use the components of a
set of vectors to find the components
of their sum:
Rx  Ax  Bx  Cx  , Ry  Ay  By  Cy 

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Unit vectors—Figures 1.23–1.24
• A unit vector has a magnitude
of 1 with no units.
• The unit vector î points in the
+x-direction, j points in the +y-
direction, and kk points in the
+z-direction.
• Any vector can be expressed
in terms of its components as

A =Axî+ Ay jj + Az kk.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The scalar product—Figures 1.25–1.26
• The scalar product
(also called the “dot
product”) of two
vectors is

• Figures 1.25 and


1.26 illustrate the
scalar product.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Calculating a scalar product
• In terms of components,
• Example 1.10 shows how to calculate a scalar product in two
ways.

[Insert figure 1.27 here]

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The vector product—Figures 1.29–1.30
• The vector
product (“cross
product”) of
two vectors has
magnitude

and the right-


hand rule gives
its direction.
See Figures
1.29 and 1.30.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Calculating the vector product—Figure 1.32
• Use ABsin to find the
magnitude and the right-hand
rule to find the direction.

• Refer to Example 1.12.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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