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Angle Modulation: Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

This document discusses angle modulation techniques such as phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). It covers the concepts of instantaneous frequency and phase modulated signals. It also discusses the relation between FM and PM, and provides caution regarding textbook solutions. The document then covers topics such as the bandwidth of angle modulated signals, including narrowband and wideband FM signals. It provides an example of calculating the bandwidth of a tone modulated signal. The document concludes by discussing the generation of FM waves using narrowband techniques and Armstrong's wideband FM transmitter, which uses frequency multipliers and converters. It also briefly discusses FM demodulation and interference effects in FM. Tutorial problems are provided at the end.

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62 views44 pages

Angle Modulation: Phase Modulation Frequency Modulation

This document discusses angle modulation techniques such as phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). It covers the concepts of instantaneous frequency and phase modulated signals. It also discusses the relation between FM and PM, and provides caution regarding textbook solutions. The document then covers topics such as the bandwidth of angle modulated signals, including narrowband and wideband FM signals. It provides an example of calculating the bandwidth of a tone modulated signal. The document concludes by discussing the generation of FM waves using narrowband techniques and Armstrong's wideband FM transmitter, which uses frequency multipliers and converters. It also briefly discusses FM demodulation and interference effects in FM. Tutorial problems are provided at the end.

Uploaded by

uday singh meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Angle Modulation

Phase Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Concept of Instantaneous frequency
Phase Modulated Signal:

Frequency Modulated Signal


Relation Between FM and PM:
Caution:

For both the above examples, the solutions are copied as given in the text
book. However, this method may be difficult to approach at times. For
proper systematic solution and to draw the FM/PM signal for a given
message signal refer to class notes. That will be helpful for the exams.
Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Signals
Narrowband FM Signal

Both has bandwidth 2B.


Wideband FM Signal
Known as Carson’s rule

Look at the class notes for the example calculations of bandwidth of FM and PM.
Tone Modulation – Message is a pure sine
tone – Bandwidth Calculation

Analytic signal
Note that this is in consistent with Carson’s rule.
Example:
Generation of FM Waves
• Narrowband FM/PM Generation:

Note that these two expressions are approximations of their


definition by first principles. Hence both will have slight
amplitude variations apart from phase and frequency variations.
In ideal case, PM and FM signals SHOULD NOT have any
amplitude variation.
Due to
approximation, this
would have slight
amplitude variation

NBFM input
Minimized amplitude
variation at the output

Combination of hard limiter followed by bandpass filter is


known as bandpass limiter.
How the amplitude variations minimized?

Hard limiter
characteristics

The output of the hard limiter will be pulse width modulated signal, which can be treated as time varying
periodicity. The fundamental harmonic of the periodic signal is the desired FM signal with minimized
amplitude variations. So the band pass filter followed by hard limiter does this job.
Wideband FM Generation
• Difficult to generate directly.
• Indirect methods are preferred.
• Indirect method – First generate narrowband FM signal and then
expand the frequency deviation to produce wideband FM signal.
• Invented by Armstrong and hence bears the name – Armstrong FM
Transmitter.
• Commerical FM transmitters apply this method.
Armstrong FM Transmitter
• Contains multipliers and frequency converters.
• For an input FM signal to Multiplier multiplies both the carrier
frequency and frequency deviation at the output.
• Frequency converter simply shifting the carrier frequency only and
frequency deviation remains unchanged.
• Converters are also known as mixers.
• Mixers generate both sum and difference of the input signals’
frequencies, but generally difference is considered.
Math behind multipliers
Commercial FM Transmitter
Demodulation of FM Signals
Interference Effect in FM
Final Expressions for interfering signal
Preemphasis and Deemphasis
Tutorial - II
Problem 1:
Problem 2:
Problem 3:
Problem 4:
Problem 5
Problem 6:
Problem 7: (Solved in the class)
Few more problems…

• Attached as a separate sheet…

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