2
Lecturer:
Qurratul Aini
Individual Behavior, Values,
and Personality
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MARS Model of Individual Behavior
Role
Perceptions
Values
Personality Motivation
Individual
Perceptions Behavior
Emotions and Results
Ability
Attitudes
Stress Situational
Factors
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-2 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Example
An enthusiastic salespeople (motivation) who understand
his or her job duties (role perceptions) and has sufficient
resources (situational factor) will not perform his or her
jobs as well if they lack sufficient knowledge and sales
skill (ability)
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-3 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Employee Motivation
• Internal forces that affect a person’s voluntary
choice of behavior. Motivational elements are:
– direction
– intensity
– persistence
R
M
BAR
A S
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-4 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Employee Ability
• Natural aptitudes (natural talents) and learned capabilities (skills
and knowledge) required to successfully complete a task
– competencies personal characteristics that lead to superior
performance
– person job matching
• selecting the best
• training & developing
• redesigning jobs
R
M
BAR
A S
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-5 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Employee Role Perceptions
• Beliefs about what behavior is required to
achieve the desired results:
– understanding what tasks to perform
– understanding relative importance of tasks
– understanding preferred
behaviors to accomplish tasks
R
M
BAR
A S
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-6 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Situational Factors
• Environmental conditions beyond the
individual’s short-term control that constrain or
facilitate behavior. Controllable factors are:
– time
– people
– budget
– work facilities
R
M
BAR
A S
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-7 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Behavior in Organizations
Task • Goal-directed behaviours under
Performance person’s control
Organizational • Performance beyond the required
Citizenship job duties
more
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-8 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Behavior in Organizations
Counterproductive • Voluntary behaviour that
Work Behaviours potentially harms the organization
Joining/staying
• Goal-directed behaviours under
with the
person’s control
Organization
Maintaining Work
• Attending work at required times
Attendance
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-9 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Values in the Workplace
• Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our
preferences for outcomes. A value is a principle, a
standard, or a quality considered worthwhile or
desirable.
• They define the right or wrong, good or bad
• Value system -- hierarchy of values
• Espoused vs. Enacted values:
– Espoused -- the values we say we use and often think we
use
– Enacted -- values we actually rely on to guide our decisions
and actions
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-10 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Three Categories of Values
• Personal values define who an individual is. They serve
as guides in handling situations and interacting with
others.
• Organizational values are the standards that guide an
individual's behavior in a professional context. They
define how an individual accomplishes work, interacts in
professional situations, and how he makes decisions
relative to his job/career.
• Cultural values are standards that guide how a person
relates meaningfully to others in different social
situations.
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-11 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Defining Personality
Relatively stable pattern of behaviors
and consistent internal states that
explain a person's behavioral
tendencies
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-12 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Big Five Personality Dimensions
Conscientiousness Careful, dependable, self-disciplined
Agreeableness Courteous, caring, good-natured
Neuroticism Anxious, hostile, depressed
Openness to Experience Sensitive, flexible, creative, curious
Extroversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-13 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Extroversion vs. Introversion
Sensing vs. Intuition
Thinking vs. Feeling
Judging vs. Perceiving
McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-14 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
