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Principles of Experimental Design

This document discusses principles of experimental design. It explains that experiments should control for lurking variables, use randomization and replication. Key terms like factors, levels, treatments and blocking are defined. Steps in an experiment are outlined including selecting factors, treatments, sample size. Randomization and common designs like completely randomized and randomized block designs are covered. Factorial designs that examine interactions are also introduced.

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sunil dhanju
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55 views

Principles of Experimental Design

This document discusses principles of experimental design. It explains that experiments should control for lurking variables, use randomization and replication. Key terms like factors, levels, treatments and blocking are defined. Steps in an experiment are outlined including selecting factors, treatments, sample size. Randomization and common designs like completely randomized and randomized block designs are covered. Factorial designs that examine interactions are also introduced.

Uploaded by

sunil dhanju
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Experimental Design

Chapter 11
Principles of Experimental Design

 Control the effects of lurking variables on the


response with a plan for collecting the sample.
 We use experimental data instead of observational
data

 Randomize

 Replicate
Key terms
 Experiment: Process of collecting sample data
 Design of Experiment: Plan for collecting the sample
 Response Variable: Variable measured in experiment
(outcome, y)
 Experimental Unit: Object upon which the response y is
measured
 Factors: Independent Variables
 Level: The value assumed by a factor in an experiment
 Treatment: A particular combination of levels of the factors in
an experiment
Steps in an Experiment
(Effects of brand and shelf location on coffee sales)

 Select factors to be included


 brand and shelf location
 Choose the treatments
 brand (2) and shelf location (3) combinations
 Determine the number of observations to be made
for each treatment
 sales are recorded once a week for 18 weeks
 Plan how the treatments will be assigned to the
experimental units
Volume and “Noise”

 Volume: quantity of information in an


experiment
 Increase with larger sample size, selection of
treatments such that the observed values (y)
provide information on the parameters of interest
 Noise: experimental error
 Reduce by assigning treatments to experimental
units
Randomization

 The use of chance to divide experimental


units into groups is called randomization.

 Comparison of effects of several treatments is


valid only when all treatments are applied to
similar groups of experimental units.
How to randomize?

 Flip a coin or draw numbers out of a hat

 Use a random number table; Table B in your book

 Use a statistical software package or program


 Minitab

 www.whfreeman.com/ips
Completely Randomized Design

 The CRD is the simplest of all designs.


 Replications of treatments are assigned
completely at random to independent
experimental subjects.

 Adjacent subjects could potentially have the


same treatment.
Completely Randomized Design

 Sample layout: There are 4 (A – D) treatments with


3 replications (1 – 3) each.
A1 B1 C1 A2
D1 A3 D2 C2
B2 D3 C3 B3
Randomized (Complete) Block Design

 The RCB is the standard design for ‘agricultural’


experiments. The field is divided into units to
account for any variation in the field. Treatments
are then assigned at random to the subjects in the
blocks-once in each block.
Randomized (Complete) Block Design

 Treatments are assigned at random within blocks of


adjacent subjects, each treatment once per block.
 The number of blocks is the number of replications.
 Any treatment can be adjacent to any other treatment,
but not to the same treatment within the block.
 Used to control variation in an experiment by
accounting for spatial effects.
Randomized (Complete) Block Design

 Sample Layout: Each horizontal row represents a


block. There are 4 blocks (I-IV) and 4 treatments
(A-D) in this example.

Block I ABCD
Block II DABC
Block III BDCA
Block IV CABD
Always consider…

 Lack of realism is a major weakness of


experiments. Is it possible to duplicate the
conditions that we want?
Factorial Designs

 Careful selection of the combinations of factor


levels in the experiment
 Provide information on factor interaction
 Regression model includes:
 Main effects for each of the k factors
 Two-way interaction terms for all pairs of factors
 Three-way interaction terms for all pairs of factors
 …
 K-way interaction terms of all combinations of k-factors.

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