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Modul 7

The document discusses various drying methods and concepts, including defining moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, and different drying periods. It also provides examples of calculating moisture removal from solids and determining drying time based on rate curves. Different drying system configurations are examined, such as batch, continuous, direct and indirect drying operations.

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Nabil Hifzhan
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107 views17 pages

Modul 7

The document discusses various drying methods and concepts, including defining moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, and different drying periods. It also provides examples of calculating moisture removal from solids and determining drying time based on rate curves. Different drying system configurations are examined, such as batch, continuous, direct and indirect drying operations.

Uploaded by

Nabil Hifzhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modul 7

DRYING
• System that relates to reduce moisture content
from substances
• It is different from mechanical processes such as
the use of centrifuge to reduce water content
• Characteristic needed: equilibrium moisture
content
Relation for a solid of moisture content X exposed to a gas of relative humidity A
DEFINITIONS :

1. Moisture content, wet basis =

Kg moisture x 100 %
Kg wet solid

Kg moisture x 100%
Kg dry solid + kg moisture

2. Moisture content, dry basis =

Kg moisture x 100 %
Kg dry solid
3. Equilibrium moisture (X*) :
moisture content of a substance when at equilibrium with a given
partial pressure of vapor.

4. Bound moisture :
moisture content which exerts an equlibrium vapor pressure less
than that of the pure liquid at the same temperature

5. Unbound moisture :
moisture content which exerts an equlibrium vapor pressure
equal to that of the pure liquid at the same temperature

6. Free moisture :
excess moisture = X - X*.
Only free moisture can be evaporated.
Example 12.1
• A wet solid is to be dried from 80% to 5 % moisture, wet basis.
Compute the moisture to be evaporated per 1000 kg of dred
product.
• Answer :
Initial moisture content = 0,8/(1-0,8) = 4 kg water/kg dry solid
Final moisture content = 0.05/(1-0.05)=0,0527 kg water/kg dry
solid

Moisture to be evaporated = 950(4-0,0527) = 3750 kg


Rate of drying curve
Time of drying

rate of drying :N = -(Ss.dx)/(A.d) (12.2)

Rearranging and integrating over the time interval and moisture


content changes from X1 to X2 :

 =  d = Ss/A  dx/N (12.3)

1. The constant rate periode :


X1 and X2 >Xc and N = Nc :
 = [Ss(X1-X2)]/(A.Nc) (12.4)

Ss = mass of dry solid; A = surface area of solid that contact with gas
2. The falling rate period
X1 < Xc
X2 < Xc, N changes during drying process

·General case
eq. (12.3) can be integrated to determine the area under 1/N vs
X curve.

· special case
N is linier in X, as in the region of B-C, and

N = mx + b (12.5)
 = [Ss(X1-X2)/A(N1-N2)] ln N1/N2
= [Ss(X1-X2)/(A.Nm) (12.7)

Nm = logaritmic average of rate Ni at moisture content Xi.

If curve C-E is linier,

N = m (X – X*) = [Nc(X-X*)]/(Xc-X*) (12.8)

and
 = [Ss(Xc-X*)/Nc.A] ln (X1-X*)/(X2-X*) (12.9)
Soal 12.3

Kurva pengeringan berlaku untuk pengeringan batch suatu


padatan. Padatan dikeringkan dari 25 ke 6% ‘moisture’. Berat
padatan basah adalah 160 kg dan luas permukaan pengeringan
1m2/40 kg berat kering.
Tentukan lama pengeringan !
Jawab :
Ss/A = 40
Pada ‘moisture’ 25%, X1 = 0,25/(1-1,25)
= 0,333 kg moisture /kg padatan kering
Pada ‘moisture’ 6%, X2 = 0,06/(1-0,06)
= 0,064 kg moisture/kg padatan kering

Menurut gambar di atas, dalam batas X1=0,333 ke X2=0,064 terdapat


pada periode ‘constant rate’ dan ‘falling rate’.

Periode ‘constant rate’


X1 = 0,333 ke Xc=0,20
Nc = 0,30 x 10-3
 = [Ss(X1-Xc)]/(A.Nc) = 40(0,333-0,20)/1(0,30x10-3) (Pers 12.4)
= 17730 detik
Periode ‘falling rate’
Xc=0,2 ke X2 = 0,064
Dari kurva di atas
X 0,20 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12 0,10 0,09 0,08
10-3 0,3 0,226 0,239 0.208 0.108 0.150 0.097 0.07

1/N x10-3 3,33 3,76 4,18 4,80 5,55 6,67 10,3 14,3

0,07 0,064
0,043 0,025
23,3 40,0

Pers 12.3
 = Ss/A dx/N digunakan.
Hasil integrasi dari X=0,2 ke X=0,064 menunjukkan =1060
Total lama pengeringan = 17730 + 40 x 1060
= 60130 detik = 16,7 jam
Drying Operation
 Classification of system and equipment of drying:
1. Based on method of operation: batch or continue.
 batch drying (usually semi batch): air as drying media is flowed continuesly
on non flowing dried material
 Continue drying: both dried material and drying air are flowed continuesly

2. Based on heat added:


- Direct drier : hot gas is direct contacted to dired material.
- Indirect drier : indirect contact, ex: thru conduction
3. Based on dried material characteristics : solid, powder
Batch drying
• Cross circulating drying
• Through circulation drying
• Ex. 12.5

Continuous Drying 1
•Tunnel Dryer
•Turbo Type (rotating shell) drier
•Through Circulation Driers
•Rotary drier
•Ex.12.7
•Continuous Drying 2

•Through Circulation Rotary Drier


•Drum Drier
•Spray Drier
•Fluidized and spouted bed
Assignment 7
Mahasiswa dibagi dalam 12 kelompok, buatlah :
1. Resume dalam 1-2 halaman
2. Ppt, dan presentasikan max 15 menit/kelompok
3. Setiap perkuliahan, presentasi sebanyak 6 kelompok

Bahan :
1. Drying, Mc.Cabe 796-835; Treybal 662-664; 686-691

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