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Introduction To Heat Transfer

This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

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238 views17 pages

Introduction To Heat Transfer

This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

Uploaded by

AYALEYDEN
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHE 463 HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
HEAT TRANSFER
Prepared by
NURHASLINA CHE RADZI
FKK, UITM
In this chapter we will learn

 What is heat transfer?

 How is heat transferred?

 Why heat transfer is important?


Definition:

Heat transfer is thermal energy transfer


that is induced by a temperature
difference (or gradient)
Modes of Heat Transfer:

(i) Conduction Heat Transfer


- Occurs when a temperature gradient exists through
a solid or a stationary fluid (fluid/gas)

(ii) Convection Heat Transfer


- Occurs within a moving fluid or between a solid surface
and a moving fluid when they are at different temperatures

(iii) Thermal radiation


- Heat transfer between two surfaces (that are not in
contact)
Modes of Heat Transfer: Examples
Example: Design of a container
A closed container filled with hot coffee is in a room
whose air and walls are at a fixed temperature.
Identify all heat transfer processes that contribute to
cooling of the coffee. Comment on features that
would contribute to a superior container design.
CONDUCTION
Transfer of energy from the more energetic to less
energetic particles of a substance by collisions between
atoms and/or molecules.
 Atomic and molecular activity – random molecular
motion (diffusion)

T1
T1>T2

x qx”
o

T2 T2
x
Consider a brick wall, of thickness L=0.3 m which in a cold
winter day is exposed to a constant inside temperature,
T1=20°C and a constant outside temperature, T2=-20°C.
 Under steady-
state conditions
the temperature
varies linearly as a
function of x. Wall Area, A
T1=20° qx”
 The rate of C
conductive heat
transfer in the x-
direction depends T T2= -20°C
on

x L=0.3 m
T1  T2
q"x 
L
 The proportionality constant is a transport property,
known as thermal conductivity k (units W/m.K)
T1  T2 T
q"x k k
L L
 For the brick wall, k=0.72 W/m.K (assumed constant),
therefore qx”= 96 W/m2
 How would this value change if instead of the brick
wall we had a piece of polyurethane insulating foam
of the same dimensions? (k=0.026 W/m.K)
 qx” is the heat flux (units W/m2 or (J/s)/m2), which is
the heat transfer rate in the x-direction per unit area
perpendicular to the direction of transfer.
 The heat rate, qx (units W=J/s) through a plane wall
of area A is the product of the flux and the area: qx=
qx”. A
 In the general case the rate of heat transfer in the
x-direction is expressed in terms of the Fourier law:

T1(high) qx”
dT
q"x  k
dx T2 (low)
x1 x2
x
 Minus sign because heat flows from high to low T
- For a linear profile

dT (T2  T1 )
 0
dx ( x2  x1 )
CONVECTION
 Energy transfer by sum of molecular diffusion (as in
conduction) and macroscopic (advection) movement.
– Convection: transport by random motion of
molecules and by bulk motion of fluid.
– Advection: transport due solely to bulk fluid motion.

Types of convection:

 Forced convection: Caused by external means such as


by fan, pump and atmospheric winds

 Natural (free) convection: Flow induced by buoyancy


forces which arises from density differences caused by
temperature variations in the fluid

 Boiling and condensation: Latent heat exchange is


associated with phase changes
Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate, which is maintained
at a temperature Ts=300°C and has dimensions 20x40
cm.

T  20 C
Air
q”
TS  300 C

The convective heat flux is proportional to

q"x  TS  T
 The proportionality constant is the convection heat
transfer coefficient, h (W/m2.K)

q"x  h(TS  T )
Newton’s law of Cooling

 For air h=25 W/m2.K, therefore the heat flux is qx”=


7,000 W/m2
 How would this value change if instead of blowing
air we had still air (h=5 W/m2.K) or flowing water
(h=50 W/m2.K)
 The heat rate, is qx= qx”. A = qx”. (0.2 x 0.4) = 560 W.
 The heat transfer coefficient depends on surface
geometry, nature of the fluid motion, as well as fluid
properties. For typical ranges of values, see Table 1.1
textbook.
 In this solution we assumed that heat flux is positive
when heat is transferred from the surface to the fluid
Radiation
 Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter
 Energy is transported by electromagnetic waves (or
photons).
 Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases.
 Does not require presence of a medium

Surroundings at Tsur
 Emissive power E is
the radiation emitted
by the surface
 Irradiation G is the rate
"
qincident  G qemitted
"
E
of incident radiation
per unit area of the
surface, originating
from its surroundings
Surface at Ts
 For an ideal radiator, or blackbody:


qemitted  Eb  Ts4 Stefan-Boltzmann law

where Ts is the absolute temperature of the surface


(K) and  is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
( = 5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)

 For a real surface:

 is the emissivity
"
qemitted E  Ts4
0   1
 The irradiation G, originating from the surroundings is:
 is the absorptivity
"
qincident  G  Tsur
4 For a “grey” surface, =
0  a 1
 The net radiation heat transfer from the
surface, per unit area is

"
qrad  (Ts4  Tsur
4
)

 The net radiation heat exchange can be


also expressed in the form:

qrad  hr A(Ts  Tsur )

where hr  (Ts  Tsur )(Ts2  Tsur


2
)
For a control surface:

qrad”
qcond”
T E in  E out  0
1
or
qconv” "
qcond  qconv
"
 qrad
"
0
T
T 2

T
x

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