APA STYLE

 American Psychological Association

 most commonly used to cite sources
within the social sciences

 Established in 1928 by social and

behaviorial scientists to standardize
scientific writing

 Used for:
• Term reports • Theoretical articles
• Research reports • Methodological articles
• Empirical studies • Case studies
• Literature reviews
 TYPES OF APA PAPERS

 Literature review
 the summary of what the scientific literature says
about the research topic
 includes title page, introduction, list of references

 Experimental report
 an account of conducted research
 includes title page, abstract, introduction, method,
results, discussion, references, appendices, tables
& figures
 MANUSCRIPT FORMAT

 on standard-sized paper
(8.5”x11”)
 1-inch margin on all sides
 serif typeface, such as Times
New Roman or Courier, size 12
 double-spaced throughout
 left justify text only
 number pages consecutively in
the top right corner, beginning
with the title page
APA HEADINGS
APA HEADINGS
 APA TABLES

 Cite a source in a note below the table:

 APA FIGURES
 Label a figure with an Arabic numeral and provide
a title. The label and the title appear on the same
line below the figure, flush-left.
 Cite the source below the label and the title:
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS: BASICS

 Whenever you use a source, provide in

parenthesis:
 the author’s name and the date of publication
 for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a
page number as well
 for secondary sources, include “as cited in”

Seidenberg and McCelland’s study (as cited in Coltheart,

Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
FOR A SUMMARY OR PARAPHRASE
 Paraphrasing within text
 In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s
most effective metaphors.

 Author cited in text

 Gould (1989) attributed Darwin’s success to his gift
for making the appropriate metaphor.

 Author not cited in text

 As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin
used the tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face
of nature (Gould, 1989).
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION

 Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase

 Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response
frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled
repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other
intrusive phenomena” (p.11).

 A traumatic response frequently entails a

“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena”
(Caruth, 1996, p.11).
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Basic Citation Styles
Parenthetical Parenthetical
First citation in Subsequent
Type of citation format, first citation format, subsequent
text citation in text
in text citation in text
One work by one author Edralin (2014) Edralin (2014) (Edralin, 2014) (Edralin, 2014)

One work by two authors Edralin and Lim Edralin and Lim (Edralin & Lim, (Edralin & Lim,
(2013) (2013) 2013) 2013)
One work by three to five Edralin, Lim, Cu, Edralin et al. (Edralin, Lim, Cu, (Edralin et al.,
authors Santos, & (2009) Santos, & Ramirez 2009)
Ramirez (2009) 2009)
One work by six or more Edralin et al. Edralin et al. (Edralin et al., (Edralin et al.,
authors (2009) (2009) 2009) 2009)
Groups (readily identified National Institute (NMH, 2003) (National Institute (NMH, 2003)
through abbreviation) as of Mental Health of Mental Health
authors (NMH, 2003) [NMH], 2003)

Groups (no abbreviation) University of University of (University of (University of

as authors Pittsburgh (2006) Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, 2006) Pittsburgh, 2006)
(2006)
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
TWO OR MORE WORKS TOGETHER

 Arrange alphabetically in the same order in

which they appear in the reference list
 Training materials are available (Department of
Veterans Affars, 2001, 2003)
 Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press)
 Several studies (Derryberry & Reed 2005a, 2005b,
in press-a; Rothbart, 2003a, 2003b)
 Several studies (Miller, 1999; Shafranske &
Mahoney, 1998)
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
THE SAME LAST NAME/AUTHOR
 Authors with the same last names—use first
initials with the last names:

(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)

 Works by the same author published in the

same year—use lower-case letters (a, b, c)
with the year of publication to order the
references:

Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…

 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
BLOCK QUOTES (40+ WORDS)
 General format for long quotes:
 indented 5 spaces
 double spaced
 no quotation marks
 citation appears one space after last punctuation of quote

Rhodes (1963) discusses another approach to glazing:

An englobe, or a slip, is layer of colored clay

applied to the surface of a piece of pottery to
change its color or to add some decorative
accent. There are many ways of developing,
coloring, aging, and applying englobes. (p. 160)
 IN-TEXT CITATIONS:
ELECTRONIC SOURCES

 Cite in the author-date style

 If electronic source lacks page numbers,
locate and identify paragraph
number/paragraph heading:

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter

section, para. 6).
 TITLE PAGE

Page header:
(use Insert Page Header) Page header:
-type “Running head:” (no quotes) -page number flush right
-brief title, all caps
-flush left, one space

Title:
(in the upper half of the page)
-name (no title or degree)
-affiliation (university, etc.)
-centered, double-space,
 ABSTRACT PAGE
Page header: do NOT
include “Running head:”

Abstract (centered, top of

the page)

Brief (between 150 and 250 words)

summary of the paper in an
accurate, concise, and specific
manner. Should contain: at research
topic, research questions,
participants, methods, results, data
analysis, and conclusions. May also
include possible implications of your
research and future work you see
connected with your findings. May
also include keywords.
 MAIN BODY (TEXT)

 The first text page is page number 3

 Type the title of the paper centered, at the top of
the page
 Type the text double-spaced with all sections
following each other without a break.
 Align the text to the left margin, leaving a ragged
right margin.
 Identify the sources you use in the paper in
parenthetical in-text citations
 Format tables and figures
 LANGUAGE

 Describe at the appropriate level of

specificity.
 Not specific: at-risk children
 Specific: children at risk for early school dropout

 Not specific: over 18 years of age

 Specific: 18- to 35-year-olds
 LANGUAGE

 Third person point of view rather than using

the first person point of view or the passive
voice
 Not: The study showed that…
 Use: I found out that….

 Active voice rather than passive voice

 Not: The participants responded…
 Use: The participants have been asked….
 REFERENCES PAGE

Page header: do NOT

include “Running head:”

References (centered, top

of the page)
 REFERENCES PAGE

 Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical

order by authors' last names. Sources without
authors are arranged alphabetically by title within
the same list.
 Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with
the left margin, and all subsequent lines are
indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent ".
 Underlining vs. Italics: It is appropriate to use italics
instead of underlining for titles of books and
journals.
 REFERENCES PAGE

 Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&)
instead of the word "and" when listing multiple
authors of a single work. e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones,
M. If there is no author, the title moves to the
author position (filed under the first significant
word of the title). If the title in this instance begins
with numerals, spell them out.
 REFERENCES PAGE
 Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or
subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a
title.
 Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to
designate page numbers of articles from
periodicals that do not use volume numbers,
especially newspapers. These abbreviations are
also used to designate pages in encyclopedia
articles and chapters from edited books .
DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIERS (DOI)

DOIs are unique strings of

numbers used to identify
online articles’ content and
provide a persistent link to
their location on the
Internet.
 When DOIs are present, no
longer have to include URL.
 When DOIs are not present,
include URL
 BOOKS

 General formats (when DOIs are assigned, use them)

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work.

doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxxxxxx

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from

xxxxxxxxxxxx database.
 BOOKS

 Book edition other than the first edition

Smith, E. B., & Jones, C. D. (2005). Title of book (5 th
ed.). Location: Publisher.

 Books with more than seven authors

Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M.,
Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., ... Urdan, T. (2000).
Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning
scales (PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan.
 BOOKS

 Book edition other than the first edition

Smith, E. B., & Jones, C. D. (2005). Title of book (5 th ed.).
Location: Publisher.

 Author as publisher
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.

 No author or editor, in print

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).
Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.
 BOOKS

 Chapter in a book Example

James, J. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth
according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.),
Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT:
Greenwood.

 ERIC Document
Shyyan, V., Thurlow, M., & Liu, K. (2005). Student
perceptions of instructional strategies: Voices of
English language learners with disabilities.
Minneapolis, MN: National Center on Educational
Outcomes, University of Minnesota. Retrieved from the
ERIC database.(ED495903)
The ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) database
is an index of journal articles and other education-related materials
 EDITED BOOKS

 General form:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter
or entry. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.),
Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

 Edited book with no authors

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of
color: Psychological interventions with culturally
diverse youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
 ARTICLE OR CHAPTER
IN EDITED BOOK

 Single author and Editor

Smith, E. B. (2005). Title of chapter. In A. Davis
(Ed.), Title of book (pp. 67–75). Location:
Publisher.

 Multiple authors and Editors

Smith, E. B., & Jones, C. D. (2005). Title of chapter. In
A. Davis, B. Smith, & C. Rodriguez (Eds.), Title of
book (pp. 76–89). Location: Publisher.
 JOURNAL ARTICLES

 General forms (when DOIs are assigned, use them ):

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).

Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue
number), page numbers. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).
Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue
number), page numbers. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).
Article title. Journal Title, volume number(issue
number), page numbers.
 JOURNAL ARTICLES

 Online journal articles without DOI

Voogt, J. (2010). A blended in-service arrangement
for supporting science teachers in technology
integration. Journal of Technology and Teacher
Education, 18(1), 83-109. Retrieved from
http://www.editlib.org/j/JTATE

 Print articles without a DOI

Colheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read
in Australia. Australian Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 11(4), 157-164.
 OTHER ARTICLES

 Magazine article, in print

Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4),
54-60.

 Newspaper article, no author, in print

As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC -style rice cartel.
(2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.

 Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous

pages, in print
Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May
5). Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its
online options. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.
 PERIODICALS

 General Format
Author, A. A (year, add month and date of publication
for daily or weekly publications). Title of article.
Title of Periodical, volume number(issue), pages.

 Example:
Little, D. W. (200l). Leading change: Creating the
future for education technology. Syllabus
International, 15(5), 22-24.
 UNPUBLISHED WORKS
 Doctoral dissertations and Master's theses
(unpublished)
Swinton, M. A . (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuriav
(Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland,
New Zealand.

 Manuscripts
Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sor ts of spor ts. Unpublished
manuscript.
Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations.
Retrieved from
http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_
FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZATIONS.pdf
 RESEARCH REPORTS AND PAPERS

 Government report, accessed online

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).
Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer
price to published prices (OIG publication No. OEI -05-05-
00240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from
http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei -05-05-00240.pdf

 Nongovernmental Organization, accessed online

Kenney, G. M., Cook, A ., & Pelletier, J. (2009). Prospects for
reducing uninsured rates among children: How much can
premium assistance programs help? Retrieved from Urban
Institute website:
http://www.urban.org/url.cfm?ID=411823
 RESEARCH REPORTS AND PAPERS

 Technical and/or research reports, accessed online

Deming, D., & Dynar ski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood
(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau
of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21 , 2008, from
http://www.nber.org/paper s/w14124

 Document available on university program or

department site
Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain . Retrieved
from Stanford Univer sity, Program on Energy and Sustainable
Development Web site:
http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_und
er_strain/
 PROCEEDINGS AND
TECHNICAL REPORTS
 General Published proceedings in book form
Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an international
focus. In K. Appleton, C. Macpherson , & D. Orr (Eds.),
International Lifelong Learning Conference: Refereed
papers from the 2nd International Lifelong Learning
Conference (pp. 208-213). Rockhampton: Central
Queensland University Press

 Conference papers and symposium contributions

Rosenshine, B. (1997). The case for explicit, teacher-led,
cognitive strategy instruction . Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Educational
Research Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from
http://apaa.asu.edu/barak/barak1.html
 OTHER ONLINE SOURCES

 Professional Web site

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels.
Retrieved May 6, 2008, from
http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html

 Data set from a database

Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard
12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from
Bloomberg database.
 OTHER ONLINE SOURCES

 Web Sites in Parenthetical Citations:

 To cite an entire Web site (but not a specific document
within the site), it is sufficient to give the URL of the site
in the text. No entry in the reference list is needed.

Kidpsych is an excellent website for young children

(http://www.kidpsych.org).
 REFERENCES
 APA Website: www.apastyle.org
 American Psychological Association (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
 California State University (2009). APA format 6 th edition. Retrieved
May 16, 2013 http://www.calstatela.edu/librar y/guides/3apa.pdf
 Cornell University Librar y (2011). Citation management . Retrieved May
14, 2013, from http ://www.librar y.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa
 Gregoria Regents University ( n.d.). APA guidelines: A brief review
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.aug.edu/elcse/
 OWL at Purdue Univer sity. (2004). APA formatting and style guide
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/pp/comma.PPT#256,1 ,Conq
uering the Comma
 University of Southern Queensland (2011). APA referencing style.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.usq.edu.au/librar y/referencing/apa -referencing-guide