Chapter 15

Normalization for Relational Databases

Person
P_Id LastName FirstName City
1 Hasnen Khalid Karachi
2 Ahmed Sania Sukkur
3 Raza Haroon Jamshoro

Orders
O_Id OrderNo P_Id
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 2
4 24562 1
Slide 3- 5
 Primary and Foreign Keys

P Person
r P_Id LastName FirstName City
i 1 Hasnen Khalid Karachi
m
a 2 Ahmed Sania Sukkur
r 3 Raza Haroon Jamshoro
y
k Orders
e O_Id OrderNo P_Id
y 1 77895 3
s 2 44678 3
3 22456 2
4 24562 1
Slide 3- 6
 Primary and Foreign Keys

P Person
r P_Id LastName FirstName City
i 1 Hasnen Khalid Karachi
m
a 2 Ahmed Sania Sukkur
r 3 Raza Haroon Jamshoro
y
k Orders
e O_Id OrderNo P_Id
y 1 77895 3
s 2 44678 3
Foreign keys
3 22456 2
4 24562 1
Slide 3- 7
Primary and
Foreign Keys

Company Database
Slide 3- 8
Primary and Foreign Keys

Slide 3- 9
Primary and Foreign Keys

Slide 3- 10
 Concatenated (Composite) Primary Key

ProdcutID VendorID AverageLeadTime StandardPrice LastReceiptCost

1 1 17 47.8700 50.2635
2 104 19 39.9200 41.9160
7 4 17 54.3100 57.0255
609 1 17 25.7700 27.0585
609 100 19 28.1700 29.5785

ProductVendor
Slide 3- 11
 Concatenated (Composite) Primary Key

Primary key

ProdcutID VendorID AverageLeadTime StandardPrice LastReceiptCost

1 1 17 47.8700 50.2635
2 104 19 39.9200 41.9160
7 4 17 54.3100 57.0255
609 1 17 25.7700 27.0585
609 100 19 28.1700 29.5785

ProductVendor
Slide 3- 12
Normalization
 Normalization is the process of eliminating various
anomalies (or undesirable aspects) of a relation in
order to obtain “better” relations.
 A relation is said to be in normal form if following
problems are eliminated:
1) Repetition anomaly
2) Update anomaly
3) Insertion anomaly
4) Deletion anomaly

Slide 3- 13
Normalization: Repetition Anomaly
 Certain information may be repeated unnecessarily.
Consider, for example, the EMP relation. The
name, title, and salary of an employee are repeated
for each project on which this person serves. This
is obviously a waste of storage and is contrary to
the spirit of databases.

Slide 3- 14
Slide 3- 15
Normalization: Update Anomaly
 As a consequence of the repetition of data,
performing updates may be troublesome. For
example, if the salary of an employee changes,
multiple tuples have to be updated to reflect this
change.

Slide 3- 16
Slide 3- 17
Normalization: Insertion Anomaly
 It may not be possible to add new information to the
database. For example, when a new employee
joins the company, we cannot add personal
information (name, title, salary) to the EMP relation
unless an appointment to a project is made. This is
because the key of EMP includes the attribute
PNO, and null values cannot be part of the key.

Slide 3- 18
Slide 3- 19
Normalization: Deletion Anomaly
 This is the converse of the insertion anomaly. If an
employee works on only one project, and that
project is terminated, it is not possible to delete the
project information from the EMP relation. To do so
would result in deleting the only tuple about the
employee, thereby resulting in the loss of personal
information we might want to retain.

Slide 3- 20
Slide 3- 21
Normalization
 A relation with one or
more of the above
mentioned anomalies is
split into two or more
relations of a higher
normal form.

Slide 3- 22
Normalization
 A relation with one or
more of the above
mentioned anomalies is
split into two or more
relations of a higher
normal form.
 E. F. Codd initially
defined the first,
second, and third
normal forms (1NF,
2NF, and 3NF,
respectively).
Slide 3- 23
Un-normalized Relation

Slide 3- 24
Relations in Normalized Form

Slide 3- 25
Slide 3- 26
Slide 3- 27
Slide 3- 28
item color price tax

Still not in 1NF. Why?

Slide 3- 29
Slide 3- 30
Exercise – 1NF

Slide 3- 31
Exercise – 1NF

Slide 3- 32
Slide 3- 33
Slide 3- 34
Slide 3- 35
Exercise – 2NF

Slide 3- 36
Exercise – 2NF

Slide 3- 37
Slide 3- 38
Slide 3- 39
Slide 3- 40
Slide 3- 41
Slide 3- 42
Bring Following Table in 1ST and 2ND Normal Form

Name Age Subject

Slide 3- 43
Assignment

Give an example and its 3 forms of normalization.

Last date to submit: Wednesday, 22.03.2017

Slide 3- 44
Assignment

Give an example and its 3 forms of normalization.

Last date to submit: Tuesday, 10.03.2017

Slide 3- 45
Slide 3- 46
Slide 3- 47