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Three Dimensional Space

This document discusses three-dimensional geometry and surfaces. It begins by introducing the three-dimensional coordinate system using three perpendicular axes (x, y, z). It then covers plotting points, calculating distances between points, and finding midpoints and points of division on line segments in 3D space. The document also discusses different types of surfaces like planes, spheres, cylinders, and quadric surfaces. It provides examples of sketching these surfaces based on their equations in 3D coordinate systems and includes practice problems for students.

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Samuel Arquillo
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293 views46 pages

Three Dimensional Space

This document discusses three-dimensional geometry and surfaces. It begins by introducing the three-dimensional coordinate system using three perpendicular axes (x, y, z). It then covers plotting points, calculating distances between points, and finding midpoints and points of division on line segments in 3D space. The document also discusses different types of surfaces like planes, spheres, cylinders, and quadric surfaces. It provides examples of sketching these surfaces based on their equations in 3D coordinate systems and includes practice problems for students.

Uploaded by

Samuel Arquillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY,

PLANES AND SURFACES


Section Objectives
• At the end of the lesson, the student must be able to :
• Plot points in three dimensional system.
• Determine the distance between two points.
• Determine the point of division and the midpoint of a line segment.
• Sketch plane, cylindrical and quadric surfaces.
Two-Dimensional (2D) Coordinate System
Recall:
To locate a point in an xy-plane, two numbers are necessary.
We know that any point in the plane can be represented as an ordered
pair (a, b) of real numbers.
where a is the x-coordinate and b is the y-coordinate.
For this reason, a plane is called two-dimensional.
Three Dimensional Geometry
Let OX, OY, and OZ be three mutually perpendicular lines. These
lines constitute the x-axis, the y-axis, and the z-axis of a three-
dimensional rectangular coordinate system. The axes, in pairs,
determine three mutually perpendicular planes called coordinate
planes. The planes are designated as the XOY-plane, the XOZ-
plane, and the YOZ-plane or, more simply, the xy-plane, the xz-
plane, and the yz-plane. The coordinate planes divide space into
eight regions called octants. The distance of P from the yz-plane
is called the x-coordinate, the distance from the xz-plane the y-
coordinate, and the distance from the xy-plane the z-coordinate.
The coordinates of a point are written in the form (x, y, z), in this
order, x first, y second, and z third.
Coordinate Planes

The three coordinate axes determine


the three coordinate planes.
The xy-plane contains the x- and y-axes.
The yz-plane contains the y- and z-axes.
The xz-plane contains the x- and z-axes.
Three-Dimensional (3D) Coordinate System
To locate a point in space, three numbers are required.
We represent any point in space by an ordered triple (a, b, c) of real
numbers.
where a is the x-coordinate, b is the y-coordinate, c is the z-coordinate

Coordinate Axes
We draw the orientation of the axes as shown.
Example
Plot the given points in a three-dimensional coordinate system.

1. (3, 0, 0)
2. (0, 3, 0)
3. (0, 0, 3)
4. (1.5,-1, 2)
5. (0, 2, -2)
6. (2, 2.5, 3)
3D-Space Point-Plotting
Distance in 3-Space, Point of Division Formula,
Midpoint Formula
Let 𝑃1 (𝑥1, 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and 𝑃2 𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2
a) In 3-space, the distance between two points
𝑑 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2
a) If 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a point of division between the line
𝑃1 𝑃
segment such that k= , then
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑘 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑘 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑧 = 𝑧1 + 𝑘(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
c) If 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) is a midpoint of the line segment, then
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑧1 +𝑧2
𝑥= ,𝑦= , and 𝑧 =
2 2 2
Examples
𝑑= 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 2

1. Find the distance from the origin O to the point B (2, 3, 5).
Substituting in the formula,
d = (2 − 0)2 +(3 − 0)2 +(5 − 𝑜)2
d = 38 units = 6.16 units

2. Find the distance between the points (2, 5, 0) and (-3, 1, 3).
Substituting in the formula,
𝑑 = −3 − 2 2 + 1 − 5 2 + 3 − 0 2

𝑑 = 5 2 units
Examples
3. Find the midpoint M of segment AB, where A(5, -2, 3) and B(-3, 4, 7).
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑧 +𝑧
𝑥 = 1 2 , 𝑦 = 1 2 , and 𝑧 = 1 2
2 2 2
Substituting in the formula,
5−3 −2+4 3+7
𝑥= ,𝑦= , and 𝑧 =
2 2 2
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1, and 𝑧 = 5
thus, M (1, 1, 5)

4. Find the point P such that AP/AB = k,where A (4, 3, -2), B(-5, 0, 4), and k = 2/3.
𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑘 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦 = 𝑦2 + 𝑘 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 , 𝑧 = 𝑧2 + 𝑘(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
Substituting in the formula,
2 2 2
𝑥 = 4 + −5 − 4 , y = 3 + 0 − 3 , 𝑧 = −2 + 4 + 2
3 3 3

𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 2
thus, P (−2, 1, 2)
Do-It Yourself Activity
1. Find the distance between the points (2, 5, 0) and (-3, 1, 3).
2. Find the point P such that AP/AB = k where A (4, 3, -2), B(-5, 0, 4), and k= 2/3.
3. Find the midpoint of segment AB, where A(5, -2, 3) and B(-3, 4, 7).
4. Given A(5, -2, 3), P(6, 0, 0), and AP/AB = 1/3, find B.
5. Find the unknown quantity where A(5, 1, 0), B(1, y, 20), and AB = 6.
6. The point (-1, 5, 2) is at a distance 6 from the midpoint of the segment joining (1, 3, 2) and (x, -1, 6).
Find x.
7. The point (1, -2, 9) is at a distance 5 5 from the midpoint of the segment joining (1, y, 2) and (5, -1, 6).
Find y.
SURFACES : A. Plane
An equation of the form
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0
represents a plane.
a) x = k, plane parallel to yz-plane
b) y = k, plane parallel to xz-plane
c) z = k, plane parallel to xy-plane
d) Ax + By + D = 0, plane parallel to z-axis
e) By + Cz + D = 0, plane parallel to x-axis
f) Ax + Cz + D = 0, plane parallel to y-axis
g) Ax + By + Cz = 0, plane
Illustrative Problem
Illustrative Problem
Illustrative Problem
Illustrative Problem
Activity
p. 772
29) Sketch the portion of the surface that lies in the first octant.
a) y = x b) y = z c) x = z
30) Sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space.
a) x=1 b) y = 1 c) z = 1
39) Sketch the surface 2𝑥 + 𝑧 = 3.

Sketch the surface.


a) x + 2y + 3z = 6 b) x+ 2y = 4 c) y – 5 = 0
SURFACES : B. Sphere
An equation of the form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝐺𝑥 + 𝐻𝑦 + 𝐼𝑧 + 𝐽 = 0
represents a sphere, a point, or has no graph.
By completing the squares, this equation produces an equation of the form
𝑥 − 𝑥0 2 + 𝑦 − 𝑦0 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧0 2 = 𝑘
a) If 𝑘 > 0, then the graph is a sphere.
b) If 𝑘 = 0, then the sphere has radius zero so the graph is the single point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 , 𝑧0 ).
c) If 𝑘 < 0, then the equation has no graph.
Example
1. Find the center and radius of the sphere that has (3, -4, 8) and (5, 8, -24) as endpoints of a
diameter.
[The midpoint of the line segment joining (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) is
[ ½ (x1 + x2), ½ (y1 + y2), ½ (z1 + z2). ]
Solution:
Diameter, d = (3- 5) 2+ (-4 - 8)2 + (8+ 24)2 = 1172
1172
Radius, r = = 293
2
æ1 1 1 ö
Center, C ( 4, 2, -8) = ç (3+ 5), (-4 + 8), (8 + (-24)÷
è2 2 2 ø
Example
2. Find the equation of a sphere of radius 3 centered at (2, 3, 9).
Given : Radius ( r ) = 3 ; C(2, 3, 9)
Solution :
(x – x0)2 + (y – y0)2 + (z – z0)2 = r
(x – 2)2 + (y – 3)2 + (z – 9)2 = 3

3. Describe the surface whose equation is given.


x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x + 6y + 10z – 26 = 0
Solution :
x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x + 6y + 10z – 26 = 0
(x2 + 4x)+ (y2 + 6y)+( z2 +10z) = 26
(x2 + 4x + 4)+ (y2 + 6y + 9)+( z2 +10z + 25) = 26 + 4 + 9 + 25
(x + 2)2 + (y + 3)2 + ( z + 5)2 = 64

sphere with center C (-2, -3, -5) and r = 8


Illustrative Problem
Illustrative Problem
SURFACES : C. Cylinder
An equation that contains only two of the variables x, y, and z represents a cylindrical
surface in an xyz-coordinate system. The surface can be obtained by graphing the
equation in the coordinate plane of the two variables that appear in the equation and
then translating that graph parallel to the axis of the missing variable.
Sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space.
1) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
2) 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4
3) 𝑥 2 = 𝑦
4) 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
5) 𝑧 2 = 𝑦
6) 𝑧 2 = 𝑦 − 1
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Do-It Yourself Activity
Sketch the graph of the equation in 3-space.
31) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
32) 𝑥 = 𝑦 2
37) 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑦 2
41) 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑧 2 = 36
SURFACES : D. Quadric
Common Types of Quadric Surfaces
1. Ellipsoid
2. Elliptic Paraboloid
3. Elliptic Cone
4. Hyperboloid of One Sheet
5. Hyperboloid of Two Sheets
6. Hyperbolic Paraboloid
QUADRIC SURFACE
1st Type of Quadric Surface
2nd Type of Quadric Surface
3rd Type of Quadric Surface
4th Type of Quadric Surface
5th Type of Quadric Surface
6th Type of Quadric Surface
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
Illustrative Problems
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Illustrative Problems
Do-It-Yourself Activity

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