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    Chapter 7 Auio

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    virgilo dela rosa
    The document discusses sound and audio, including the properties of sound, characteristics of digital sound, calculating audio file size, audio file formats, and editing digital recordings. It describes how sound is created by vibrations, the key properties of sound waves like frequency, amplitude and wavelength. It also outlines how digital sound is characterized by sampling rate, bit depth, and channels. There are formulas to calculate file size based on these factors. Common audio editing techniques are also summarized.

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    Chapter 7 Auio

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    virgilo dela rosa
    28 views22 pages
    The document discusses sound and audio, including the properties of sound, characteristics of digital sound, calculating audio file size, audio file formats, and editing digital recordings. It describes how sound is created by vibrations, the key properties of sound waves like frequency, amplitude and wavelength. It also outlines how digital sound is characterized by sampling rate, bit depth, and channels. There are formulas to calculate file size based on these factors. Common audio editing techniques are also summarized.

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    The document discusses sound and audio, including the properties of sound, characteristics of digital sound, calculating audio file size, audio file formats, and editing digital recordings. It describes how sound is created by vibrations, the key properties of sound waves like frequency, amplitude and wavelength. It also outlines how digital sound is characterized by sampling rate, bit depth, and channels. There are formulas to calculate file size based on these factors. Common audio editing techniques are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views22 pages

    Chapter 7 Auio

    Uploaded by

    virgilo dela rosa
    The document discusses sound and audio, including the properties of sound, characteristics of digital sound, calculating audio file size, audio file formats, and editing digital recordings. It describes how sound is created by vibrations, the key properties of sound waves like frequency, amplitude and wavelength. It also outlines how digital sound is characterized by sampling rate, bit depth, and channels. There are formulas to calculate file size based on these factors. Common audio editing techniques are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 22

    Sound and audio

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Table of Content
    1. Introduction
    2. Properties of sound
    3. Characteristics of digital sound
    4. Calculate audio data size
    5. Benefits of using digital audio
    6. Audio file formats
    7. Sound in multimedia application
    8. Editing digital recording

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Introduction: Sound Vs Audio
    • Audio means the reproduction of sound.

    Classes of Sound:
    • Voice
    • Defined as talking.
    • Music
    • Sound Effect:
    • Voice or Music; but often created by natural events like
    thunderclap, wind and door slamming.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    How do We Hear?
    • Sound waves are variations of pressure in a
    medium such as air.
    • Sound created by the vibration of an object,
    which causes the air surrounding it (medium) to
    vibrate.
    • Vibrating air causes the human eardrum to
    vibrate, which the brain interprets as sound.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Properties of Sound

    • frequency
    • wavelength
    • period
    • amplitude
    • speed

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Properties of Sound
    • Wavelength: Length of wave
    Distance between any point on a wave and the
    equivalent point on the next phase.
    Distance between repeating units of a wave
    pattern.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Properties of Sound
    • Amplitude: The "height" of a wave when viewed
    as a graph.
    • The strength or power of a wave signal.
    • Higher amplitudes are interpreted as a higher
    volume.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Properties of Sound
    • Frequency: Number of times the wavelength
    occurs in one second.
    • Measured in Hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.
    • The faster the sound source vibrates, the higher
    the frequency, the higher the pitch
    • Example: singing in a
    high-pitched voice
    forces the vocal chords
    to vibrate quickly.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Characteristics of digital sound
    • Three main characteristics :

    • Frequency
    • defines the number of samples per second (or per other unit) taken
    from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal.
    • For time-domain signals, it can be measured in hertz (Hz).

    • Sound resolution / Amplitude measurement


    • Number of bits used to represent a sample.

    • Channel
    • Mono or stereo

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Frequency
    • A higher frequency sampling
    rate means more samples;
    better quality.
    • The more the samples there are,
    the more storage space will be
    needed.
    • Higher Frequency -> higher
    quality -> higher storage space
    • Sound cards are able to record
    sound at different sampling
    rates.
    • Depending on the user’s choice
    sound can be recorded at 11
    kHz, 22.5 kHz and 44.1 kHz which
    is CD quality.
    by: HTVG - MISCE
    Sound resolution / Amplitude Measurement
    • Based on 8bits (1 byte).
    • 8 bits for 256 levels & 16 bits for 65536
    levels.
    • The number of bit-sampling too, will
    affect the size of the file.
    • The higher the bit-sampling, the larger
    the size of the file.
    • Usually, for narrations, 8-bit sampling is
    quite sufficient.
    • If you want high quality sound, 16-bit
    will be a preferred choice.
    • Higher sound resolution allows very
    fine differences in sound to be
    recorded.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Sound channel
    • Whether you want mono or stereo sound will
    affect the size of the file.

    • Mono means sound will be playing from one


    channel whereas stereo means two channels.

    • Therefore, stereo sound will require larger


    storage space than mono sound.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Calculate audio data size
    • The formula to calculate audio data size:

    • C = number of channels (mono = 1 , stereo = 2)


    • S = sampling rate in Hz (cycles per second)
    • T = Time (seconds)
    • B = bytes (1 for 8 bits, 2 for 16 bits)

    File Size = C * S * T * B

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Calculate audio data size
    Calculate a 30 seconds 16-bit, 44.1 kHz stereo music

    • Step 1
    • 44,100 x 2 bytes (or 16-bits) = 88,200 bytes
    • Step 2
    • 88,200 x 2 (for stereo) = 176,400 bytes
    • Step 3
    • 176,400 x 30 seconds = 5,292,000 bytes

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Benefits of using digital audio
    • Sound can be permanently stored in inexpensive CD.

    • Consistent sound quality without noise or distortion.

    • Duplicate will sound exactly the same as the master copy.

    • Digital sound can be played at any point of the sound track.


    (random access)

    • It can also be integrated with other media.

    • Can be edited without loss in quality.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Sound in Multimedia Application
    • It captures attention.

    • It increases the associations the end-user makes


    with the information in their minds.

    • Sound adds an exciting dimension to an


    otherwise flat presentation.

    Example usage of sound in multimedia


    application.
    • Background music
    • Sound effects
    • Voice over or narration
    by: HTVG - MISCE
    Editing Digital Recording
    • There are abundance of sound editor available such as
    SoundForge (commercial), Goldwave (shareware), and
    Audacity(freeware).

    • The basic sound editing operations that most commonly


    needed are:

    • Trimming • Fade-ins and Fade-outs


    • Splicing and Assembly • Equalization
    • Volume adjustment • Time Stretching
    • Format conversion • Digital Signal Processing
    • Resampling and
    Downsampling

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Editing Digital Recording
    Trimming
    • Removing “dead air” or silence space from the front of
    recording to reduce file size.

    Splicing and Assembly


    • Cutting and Pasting different recording into one.

    Volume adjustment
    • If you combining several recordings into one there is a
    good chance that you won’t get a consistent volume
    level. It is best to use a sound editor to normalize the
    combined audio about 80% – 90% of the maximum
    level. If the volume is increased too loud, you will hear
    a distortion.
    by: HTVG - MISCE
    Editing Digital Recording
    Format conversion
    • Saving into different file formats.

    Resampling and Downsampling


    • If you have recorded your sounds at 16-bit
    sampling rates, you can downsample to lower
    rates by downsampling the file to reduce the file
    size.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Editing Digital Recording
    Fade-ins and Fade-outs
    • To smooth the beginning and the end of the
    sound file by gradually increasing or decreasing
    volume.

    Equalization
    • Some program offer digital equalization
    capabilities to modify the bass, treble or midrange
    frequency to make the audio sounds better.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Editing Digital Recording
    Time stretching
    • Alter the length (in seconds) of a sound file without
    changing its pitch.

    by: HTVG - MISCE


    Editing Digital Recording
    Digital Signal Processing
    (Special Effect)
    • To increase pitch, robot
    voice, echo, and other
    special effects.

    by: HTVG - MISCE

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