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Basic Quantificational Logic

This document introduces quantificational logic, which builds on propositional logic. It defines a quantificational language called Loglish to help evaluate arguments. Loglish uses small letters for singular terms and capital letters for general terms. It adds universal and existential quantifiers to express concepts like "all" and "some". Quantifiers complete claims involving variables and make them either true or false. This allows for translating English statements that involve quantification into logical notation.

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Kurt Dave Barcelo
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111 views18 pages

Basic Quantificational Logic

This document introduces quantificational logic, which builds on propositional logic. It defines a quantificational language called Loglish to help evaluate arguments. Loglish uses small letters for singular terms and capital letters for general terms. It adds universal and existential quantifiers to express concepts like "all" and "some". Quantifiers complete claims involving variables and make them either true or false. This allows for translating English statements that involve quantification into logical notation.

Uploaded by

Kurt Dave Barcelo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC

QUANTIFICATIONAL
LOGIC
Quantificational logic
◦ Builds on propositional logic.
◦ Can express complex ideas like:

“If some are A, then all that are B or C are then D


but not E”
+ ( — Ei )

LOGLISH
EASIER
TRANSLATIONS
Easier Translations
◦To help us evaluate arguments, we’ll construct a
quantificational language. This will include
propositional logic’s vocabulary, wffs, inference
rules, and proofs. It adds two new vocabulary
items: small letters and “ Ǝ ”.
Easier Translations
Ir = Romeo is Italian.
Ix = x is Italian
(x)Ix = For all x, x is the Italian ( all are Italian)
(Ǝx)Ix = For some x, x is Italian (some are Italian)
Easier translations
◦Learn to express “All are Italian” as “For all x, x is
Italian.” This uses Loglish , a mix of Logic and
English. Loglish help us to translate from English to
logic.

“Romeo is Italian” is “Ir” ; the capital letter goes first.

◦“I” is for the general category “Italian” and “r” is


for the specific individual “Romeo”
General and singular terms
◦ Use capital letters for general ◦ Use small letters for singular
terms, which describes or put terms, which pick out a specific
in a category: person or thing.
I = an Italian i = the richest Italian
C = charming t = this child

F = drives a Ford r = Romeo


◦ Use small letters for “the so and
◦ Use capitals for “ a so and
so,” “this so and so,” and
so,” adjective, and verbs.
proper names.
Capital represent statements,
general terms or relations
◦ A capital letter alone (not followed by
S It’s snowing
small letters) represent a statement

◦ A capital letter followed by a single small IrIr RomeoisisItalian


Romeo Italian
letter represents a general term

◦ A capital letter followed by two or more Lrj Romeo loves Juliet


Lrj Romeo loves Juliet
small letters represents a relation
Small letters are constants or
variables
◦ A small letter from ‘a” to “w” is a constant
Ir Romeo is Italian
(it refers to a specific person or thing). Ir Romeo is Italian

◦ A small letter from “x” to “z” is a variable


Ix x is Italian
(its reference isn’t directly specified). Ix x is Italian.
Easier Translations
Ix” (“x is Italian”) is incomplete, and so not
◦ “

true or false, since we haven’t said whom


we’re talking about. Quantifiers can
complete the claim. A quantifier is a
sequence of the form “(x)” or “(Ǝx)” –
where any variable may replace “x’:
Universal and existential quantifier
Universal Quantifier Existential Quantifier

◦ “(x)” is a Universal Quantifier. ◦ “(Ǝx)” is an Existential


It says that the next formula is Quantifier.
true for all values of x. It says that the next formula is
◦ (x)Ix = For all x, x is Italian true for at least one value of x.
= All are Italian.
(Ǝx)Ix = For some x, x is Italian.
= Some are Italian
Quantifiers
◦ Quantifiers express “all “ and “some” by saying in how many
cases the following formula is true.
◦ As before, grammatical formulas are wffs (well – formed
formulas). Wffs now are strings we can construct using the
propositional rules plus two new rules :
1. The result of writing a capital letter and then a small letter
is a wff.
2. The result of writing a quantifier and then a wff is a wff.
Remember
◦ These rules let us build wffs that we’ve already mentioned :
“Ir”, “Ix”, “(x)Ix”, and “(Ǝx)Ix”.

◦ Don’t use additional parentheses; these forms are incorrect:


“(Ir)”, “(Ix)”, “(x)(Ix)”, “(Ǝx)(Ix)” and etc.

◦ Use a pair of parentheses for each quantifier and each instance


of:
“•” “v” “⊃” and “≡”
Examples
~(x)Ix Not all are Italian. (It is false that for all x, x is Italian)
~(Ǝx)Ix No one is Italian. (It is false that for some x, x is Italian)
(Ix ⊃ Lx) If x is Italian, then x is a lover.
(Ix • Lx) x is Italian and x is a lover.
Translation
If the English begins with then begin the wff with
all (every) (x)

not all (not every) ~(x)

some (Ǝx)

no ~(Ǝx)
Try these out
◦ All are Italian
(x)Ix

◦ No one is Italian
~(Ǝx)Ix

◦ Not all are Italian ~(x)Ix

◦ All are rich or Italian ~(x)(Rx v Ix)


Remember
◦ With “All… is…”, use “⊃” for the middle connective.
◦ Otherwise, use “•”

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