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Group 2: Abhishek Nayak 19122 Harsh Raj Sharma 19140 Khushboo Rani 19146 Roopika GK 19164 Shubham Thakur 19170

The document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves testing assumptions about population parameters using sample data. It defines the null hypothesis as the tentative assumption being tested, and the alternative hypothesis as the opposite of the null. It describes the two types of errors in hypothesis testing - type I errors where the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true, and type II errors where the null fails to be rejected when it is false. Examples are given of type I and II errors relating to fire alarms and testing the effectiveness of a medical treatment.

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66 views9 pages

Group 2: Abhishek Nayak 19122 Harsh Raj Sharma 19140 Khushboo Rani 19146 Roopika GK 19164 Shubham Thakur 19170

The document discusses hypothesis testing, which involves testing assumptions about population parameters using sample data. It defines the null hypothesis as the tentative assumption being tested, and the alternative hypothesis as the opposite of the null. It describes the two types of errors in hypothesis testing - type I errors where the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true, and type II errors where the null fails to be rejected when it is false. Examples are given of type I and II errors relating to fire alarms and testing the effectiveness of a medical treatment.

Uploaded by

Nilesh kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GROUP 2

Abhishek Nayak 19122


Harsh Raj Sharma 19140
Khushboo Rani 19146
Roopika GK 19164
Shubham Thakur 19170
What is Hypothesis ?
An assumption about certain characteristics
of a population.
What is Hypothesis Testing?

• Hypothesis testing is an act in statistics whereby an analyst tests an


assumption regarding a population parameter.

• Hypothesis testing is used to infer the result of a hypothesis performed on


sample data from a larger population.

• For a generic hypothesis test, the two hypotheses are as follows:-


Null hypothesis: Tentative Assumption
Alternative hypothesis: Opposite of tentative Assumption
Types of Errors in hypothesis testing

Table of error types Null hypothesis (H0) is


True False
Decision Don't Correct inference Type II error
about null reject (true negative) (false negative)
hypothesis (H0) (probability = 1 - α) (probability = β)

Reject Type I error Correct inference


(false positive) (true positive)
(probability = α) (probability = 1 - β)
Type 1 Error

• A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis (H0) is true, but is
rejected. It is asserting something that is absent.
• A type I error is often referred to as a false positive (a result that
indicates that a given condition is present when it actually is not
present).
• It is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha) and is also called the
alpha level.
Type 2 Error

• A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false, but


erroneously fails to be rejected.
• A type II error is often called a false negative (where an actual hit was
disregarded by the test and is seen as a miss) in a test checking for a
single condition with a definitive result of true or false.
• The rate of the type II error is denoted by the Greek letter β (beta)
and related to the power of a test (which equals 1−β).
Examples 1

• A fire alarm provides a good analogy for the types of hypothesis


testing errors. Preferably, the alarm rings when there is a fire and
does not ring in the absence of a fire. However, if the alarm rings
when there is no fire, it is a false positive, or a Type I error in
statistical terms. Conversely, if the fire alarm fails to ring when
there is a fire, it is a false negative, or a Type II error.
EXAMPLE 2

• Hypothesis: "A patient's symptoms improve after treatment A


more rapidly than after a placebo treatment."
Null hypothesis (H0): "A patient's symptoms after treatment A are
indistinguishable from a placebo.“

A Type I error would falsely indicate that treatment A is more


effective than the placebo, whereas a Type II error would be a
failure to demonstrate that treatment A is more effective than
placebo even though it is more effective.
THANK YOU

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