INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK AND

DESIGN

The OSI Model

CHAPTER 2
Types of Networks in Use Today
• Storage-Area Network (SAN)
• Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
• Virtual Private Network (VPN)
• Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
The OSI Model
Learning outcomes
Understand the need of layering in Networked computing
Understand the OSI model and the TCP/IP model
Understand the function protocols and their role at each
layer.
TCP protocol
UDP protocol
Understand the role of header in communication between
layers
Understand how data sent from one host arrive to the target
host.
Network complexities
Different types of hardware and software (operating systems)
 Different types of data to be transferred –text, images, music,
video, etc
Data must be transferred without errors
 Many different paths may have to be taken
Data formats and data exchange
conventions vary between manufacturers E.g., ASCII,
UNICODE, EBCDIC(Extended Binary Coded Decimal
Interchange Code)

How to solve this???

The main benefits of the OSI model
Helps users understand the big picture of networking
 Helps users understand how hardware and software elements
function together
 Makes troubleshooting easier by separating networks into
manageable pieces
 Defines terms that networking professionals can use to
compare basic functional relationships on different networks
 Helps users understand new technologies as they are
developed
 Standardization across manufactures.
Reduces complexity
The OSI Model
OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from
one computer to another.
Not HOW it should be done.
Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for
transmittal (to be transmitted)
OSI model
An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two
different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture.
Purpose: to open communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of the
underlying hardware & software
“Open” means the concepts are nonproprietary; can be
used by anyone.
OSI is not a protocol. It is a model for understanding and
designing a network
OSI model cont..
The OSI model describes how data flows from
one computer, through a network to another
computer
The seven layers (In the OSI model, The
specification needed are contained in 7 different layers
that interact with each other)
Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that
the tasks assigned
Tasks involved in sending a letter
Header and Trailer
Headers and trailers are control data added at the
beginning and the end of each data unit at each layer
of the sender and removed at the corresponding layers
of the receiver.
They provide source and destination addresses,
synchronization points, information for error detection,
etc.
The Layers of the OSI Model
Physical layer
• Coordinates the functions required to carry bit
stream over physical medium.
• it deals with a electrical and mechanical
specifications of the interface and transmission
medium(type of medium).
• It responsible for movements of individual bits
from one hop(node) to the next.
Specifications for the physical
components of the network
Functions of Physical Layer:
Bit representation – encode bits(0’s and 1’s) into
electrical or optical signals
Transmission rate – The number of bits sent each
second
Physical characteristics of transmission media
Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks(both are
not have same bit rate).
Functions of Physical Layer cont..
Line Configuration The physical layer is
concerned with the connection of devices to the
media.(point-to-point (or) multipoint)
Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, full
duplex
Physical Topology – how devices are connected –
ring, star, mesh, bus topology
Physical layer
Components of the physical layer
include:
 Cabling system components
 Adapters that connect media to physical interfaces
 Connector design and pin assignments
 Hub, repeater, and patch panel specifications
 Wireless system components
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Data Link Layer
• Responsible for delivery of data between two systems
on the same network(hop to hop delivery)
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits received
from network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header to the frame
to define the physical address of the source and
the destination machines(MAC).
• Flow control – If the receiver is less than rate of
at which data are produced in the sender.[The
flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming
the receiver]
MAC(Medium Access control)
Data Link Layer
• Error Control – Adds relaibility mechanisms to
detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames.
This is achieved by adding a trailer to the end of
a frame Also, recognize duplicate frames.

• Access Control –When two (or) more devices

connected to the same link, then this layer
protocol determine which devices has control
over the link at any given time.
Data Link Layer
Common networking components
that function at layer 2 include:
 Network interface cards
 Ethernet and Token Ring switches
Bridges
Network Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
Responsible for delivery of packets across multiple(sou
to des delivery)
Logical Addressing: The physical addressing
implemented by the data link layer handles the
addressing problem locally(MAC)
When it passes the boundary the n/w layer adds a
header to the packet(IP) coming from the upper
layer(include logical address of sender and receiver)
Main functions of this layer are
Routing – Independent networks (or) large n/w,
the connecting device(Router or switch)

 Router the packets to the final destination.

 Network layer is responsible only for delivery

of individual packets and it does not recognize
any relationship between those packets.
Transport Layer
Responsible for source-to destination delivery
of the entire message.

data is segmented at the sending end and

reassembled at the receiving end.

The transport layer is responsible for the

delivery of a message from one process to
another
Main functions of this layer are:
• Segmentation and reassembly – divide message into
smaller segments, add sequence number them and
transmit. Reassemble these messages at the receiving
end.

• Error control – make sure that the entire message

arrives without errors – else retransmit.
Transport Layer
A port is identified for each address and protocol by
a 16-bit number, commonly known as the port number.

Transport Layer protocols, such as the Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP), specify a source and destination port
number in their packet headers.
Transport Layer
Session Layer
session layer establishes, maintains and synchronizes
the interaction among communicating systems.

The session layer is responsible for dialog control and

synchronization
Main functions of this layer are:
• Dialog control – allows two systems to enter into a
dialog, keep a track of whose turn it is to transmit

• Synchronization – adds check points (synchronization

points) into stream of data.
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
translation ,compression, and encryption.
Responsibilities of this layer are:

• Translation
• Different computers use different encoding systems
(bit order translation) Convert data into a common
format before transmitting.
• Syntax represents info such as character codes - how
many bits to represent data – 8 or 7 bits

• Compression – reduce number of bits to be

transmitted
Responsibilities of this layer are:
Encryption – transform data into an unintelligible
format at the sending end for data security

 Decryption – at the receiving end

Application Layer
• The application layer is responsible for providing
services to the user.
Applications Services
X.400 – Message Handling Services
X.500 – Directory services
FTAM – File Transfer, Access, and Management.
Summary of Functions of Layers
Go and find
Peer-to-peer Processes describe it
Understand how data sent from one host arrive
to the target host
Protocols at each layer
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
TCP/IP vs OSI model
Device that can be found at each layer