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Lattice - Unit Cell and Crystal System - Lattice Planes - Miller Indices and Directions - Systematic Absences

The document discusses crystal lattices and unit cells. It defines a lattice as an infinite array of points with periodic arrangement that extends in all directions. A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that exhibits the full symmetry of the crystal structure. It can be primitive, containing one lattice point, or non-primitive. The document also discusses Bravais and non-Bravais lattices, lattice planes, Miller indices, and unit cell content as it relates to crystal density.

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Raj Sharma
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37 views15 pages

Lattice - Unit Cell and Crystal System - Lattice Planes - Miller Indices and Directions - Systematic Absences

The document discusses crystal lattices and unit cells. It defines a lattice as an infinite array of points with periodic arrangement that extends in all directions. A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that exhibits the full symmetry of the crystal structure. It can be primitive, containing one lattice point, or non-primitive. The document also discusses Bravais and non-Bravais lattices, lattice planes, Miller indices, and unit cell content as it relates to crystal density.

Uploaded by

Raj Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contents

• Lattice

• Unit Cell and Crystal System

• Lattice planes

• Miller indices and directions

• Systematic Absences
Physic
E.Y.T
Lattice and Lattice Points
Section 1: Crystal Structure
• An infinite array of points with a periodic arrangement
id to be ina space
crystal if
is atoms
calledare arranged
Lattice andinthe
such a wayLattice
points that their positions are
points.
s concept is illustrated in Fig.1 using a two-dimensional (2D) structure.

T C
b
Fig.1

A B a1
a x

stal maintains this periodicity


Invariantinunder
both the x and y directions from -¥ to +¥. As
translation
odicity, the atoms A, B, C, etc. are equivalent. In other words, for an observer lo
a particular lattice site. The unit cell in three dimensions is a par
itive translation vectors (see Fig.7). Here again the choice of t
all primitive unitTranslational
cells have equalSymmetry
volumes. The unit cell fill
l translation operations. The volume of the unit cell represented
d a•3 isBeginning
given bywith a single point, all of the other lattice points in
the array can be generated by shifting the lattice point by
the translational vector.
mes more convenient to deal with non-primitive or conventional
tes either ua + vb
T =inside wcor (u,
the +cell on its surface.
v and w are integers)

a3

b a
g a2
a1
very lattice point. For example, in the case of structure shown in Fig.1, if we replace each atom b
eometrical point located at the equilibrium position of that atom, we obtain a crystal lattice. T
Bravais – Non Bravais Lattices
ystal lattice has the same geometrical properties as the crystal, but it is devoid of any physi
ontents.
hereInarea two classeslattice
Bravais of lattices: the Bravais
all lattice pointsandare non-Bravais.
theequivalent In ahence
and Bravaisby
lattice all lattice poi
necessity
e equivalent
all atoms andinhence by necessity
the crystal are ofallthe
atoms
samein the crystal
kind. Onare
theofother
the same kind.
hand, inOn the other ha
a non-
a non-Bravais lattice,some
Bravais lattice, some ofofthe
thelattice points
lattice are non-equivalent.
points are non-equivalent.

C C1
A1 B1
Fig.2
A B

Fig.2 the lattice sites A, B, C are equivalent to each other. Also the sites A1, B1, C1, are equival
mong themselves. However, sites A and A1 are not equivalent: the lattice is not invariant un
anslation AA1.
Primitive Unit Cell

• A primitive cell or primitive unit cell is a


volume of space that when translated
through all the vectors in a Bravais lattice
just fills all of space without either
overlapping itself or leaving voids.
• A primitive cell must contain precisely one
lattice point.
be primitive and non-primitive (or conventional). The unit ce
r, in some cases it is more convenient to deal with a unit
Primitive – Non Primitive
s the symmetry of the lattice more clearly.
Unit Cell

c2

c1

a1 a2

an be chosen as primitive translation vectors for the lattice sh


s parallelogram. However, the lattice can also be regarded a
Unit cell
• Crystals are built up of
regular arrangements of
atoms in three
dimensions
• It can be represented by
a repeating unit called the
Unit cell; the smallest
repeating unit which
shows the full symmetry
of crystal structure
Possible Unit Cells
Packing fraction
Packing faction or Packing efficiency is the percentage of
total space filled by the particles.

SC- Simple Cubic (52.4%)

BCC – Body Centered Cubic (68%)

FCC- Face Centered Cubic (74%)

HCP- Hexagonal Closed packing (90%)

Packing Efficiency =
Assignment-1

Q-1 Calculate the packing fraction of SC, FCC and BCC crystal structure.

Q-2 An element crystallizes into a structure which may be described by a cubic


type of unit cell having one atom in each corner of the cube and two atoms on
one of its face diagonals. If the volume of this unit cell is 24 x 10-24cm3 and
density of the element is 7.20gm/cm3, calculate no. of atoms present in 200gm
of the element.

Ans: 2.314 x 1024 atoms


PERIODIC TABLE
Unit cell content and crystal density

• The unit cell must


contain at least
one formula unit
D= Mass/volume
= formula wt/molar
volume
=FW/vol. FU X N

V=volume of 1 FU X Z
D=FW X Z/ V X N
Four 3 fold axis

Single 4 fold axis

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