DE ZG515 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS
Dr. K. Ram Chandra Murthy
BITS Pilani Assistant Professor, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
"Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad"
[email protected]
Review

 Introduction
 Introduction to Finite Differences
 Difference Equations, Explicit and Implicit Approaches: Definitions and Contrasts
 Errors and an Analysis of Stability
 Stability Analysis: A Broader Perspective

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Scope of the lecture

 General Transformation of the Equations

 Metrics and Jacobians
 Form of the Governing Equations Particularly Suited for CFD Revisited

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 BITS Pilani
"Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad"

INTRODUCTION
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Introduction

 The arrangement of the discrete points where the calculation is made throughout the
flow field is called as grid.
 There is no direct way of solving the flow equations over a non-uniform grid using finite
difference method.
 Consider the airfoil as shown in the figure.

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Introduction

 The problems with the grid are:

o Some grid points fall outside the flow domain or within the airfoil.
o Airfoil surface must be clearly and strongly seen by the numerical solution as it is
vital boundary condition.
 The appropriate grid for the airfoil is
shown here.
 New lines are defined such that
the airfoil surface becomes a line
η=constant.
 We need to transfer this grid into rectangular grid in terms of η and .

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Introduction

 The resulting grid is shown in the figure.

 Thus the governing equations should be
transformed from (x,y) to (,).

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 BITS Pilani
"Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad"

GENERAL TRANSFORMATION
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General transformation of the equations

 Consider the following

 From the chain rule of differentiation write as

 The subscripts emphasize the variables that are held constant during differentiation.

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General transformation of the equations

 Also,

 The coefficients of the derivatives w.r.t , and  are called as metrics.
 The metrics can be evaluated using central differences.
 For second order terms,

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General transformation of the equations

 The terms in B and C can be written as

 By substituting B and C back we have

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General transformation of the equations

 Similarly for y and mixed derivative we can write as

 When the governing equations are used in the strong conservation form, the need to
apply transformations for the second derivatives disappears.

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 BITS Pilani
"Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad"

METRICS AND JACOBIANS

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Metrics and Jacobians

𝜕 𝜕
 The terms involving the geometry of the grid such as , etc are called as metrics.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
 In many applications the transformation may be more conveniently expressed as
inverse as that of discussed above.
 Consider,

 From the chain rule we can write

where u is the x component of velocity.

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Metrics and Jacobians
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
 Solving the above equations for and we have
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

 The denominator determinant is called as jacobian determinant and is given by

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Metrics and Jacobians

 Similarly for y we can write as

 In general and

 Consider the direct transformation to be given as

 From chain rule we have

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Metrics and Jacobians

 Now consider the inverse transform given by

 Then we can write the following in a similar manner.

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Metrics and Jacobians

 By comparing the above equations we can write as

 The denominator of the above term is jacobian.

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Metrics and Jacobians

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"BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956"
 BITS Pilani
"Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad"

SUITABLE GOVERNING EQUATIONS FORM FOR CFD

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Form of governing equation suited for CFD

 Consider the strong conservation form in 2-D with no source terms.

 Then the equation can be written as

 By transforming the variables we can write as

 Consider the following

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Form of governing equation suited for CFD

 Similarly for the other terms we can write as

 Substituting these back into the above equation we have

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Form of governing equation suited for CFD

 The last two terms in the above equation are zero as shown below.

 So we can rewrite the equation as

where

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Form of governing equation suited for CFD

 The newly defined flux vectors are the combination of physical flux vectors F and G and
jacobian.
 The new flux vectors can also be expressed as

 So even by transformation we can retain the strong form of conservation equations in

their format just by changing the flux vectors.

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