Scribd
Upload
66 views46 pages

IT101-Introduction To Computing: Lect. 4: Networking and The Internet

This document is the lecture notes from IT101 Introduction to Computing class at International University, VNU-HCM. The lecture covers networking and internet fundamentals including network types and topologies, protocols, internet architecture, addressing, applications, and security. Key topics discussed include the client-server model, IP addresses, domain name system, world wide web, HTML, internet layers, TCP and UDP protocols, and public key encryption.

Uploaded by

Trung Tran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
66 views46 pages

IT101-Introduction To Computing: Lect. 4: Networking and The Internet

This document is the lecture notes from IT101 Introduction to Computing class at International University, VNU-HCM. The lecture covers networking and internet fundamentals including network types and topologies, protocols, internet architecture, addressing, applications, and security. Key topics discussed include the client-server model, IP addresses, domain name system, world wide web, HTML, internet layers, TCP and UDP protocols, and public key encryption.

Uploaded by

Trung Tran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

International University, School of Computer Science

VNU-HCM & Engineering

IT101- Introduction to Computing

Lect. 4: Networking and


the Internet

Fall 2016

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 1


Networking and the Internet
4.1 Network Fundamentals
4.2 The Internet
4.3 The World Wide Web
4.4 Internet Protocols
4.5 Security

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 2


4.1 Network Fundamentals

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 3


Network Classifications
Scope
o Personal area network (PAN)
o Local area network (LAN)
o Metropolitan area (MAN)
o Wide area network (WAN)

Ownership
o Closed versus open

Topology (configuration)
o Bus (Ethernet)
o Star (Wireless networks with central Access Point)

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 4


Two popular network
topology

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 5


Protocols
CSMA/CD
o Used in Ethernet
o Silent bus provides right to introduce new message

CSMA/CA
o Used in WiFi
o Hidden terminal problem

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 6


Communication over a bus
network

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 7


The hidden terminal problem

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 8


Connecting Networks
Repeater: Extends a network
Bridge: Connects two compatible networks
Switch: Connects several compatible networks
Router: Connects two incompatible networks
resulting in a network of networks called an
internet

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 9


Building a large bus network
from smaller ones

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 10


Routers connecting two WiFi networks and an
Ethernet network to form an internet

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 11


Inter-process
Communication
Client-server
o One server, many clients
o Server must execute continuously
o Client initiates communication

Peer-to-peer (P2P)
o Two processes communicating as equals
o Peer processes can be short-lived

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 12


The client/server model compared to the peer-to-peer
model

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 13


Distributed Systems
Systems with parts that run on different computers
o Cluster computing
o Grid computing
o Cloud computing
• Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud
• Google Drive

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 14


4.2 The Internet

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 15


The Internet
The Internet: An internet that spans the world
o Original goal was to develop a means of connecting networks that
would not be disrupted by local disasters
o Today a commercial undertaking that links a worldwide combination of
PANs, LANs, MANs, and WANs involving millions of computers

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 16


Internet Architecture
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
o Tier-1
o Tier-2

Access or tier-3 ISP: Provides connectivity to the Internet


o Hot spot (wireless)
o Telephone lines
o Cable/Satellite systems DSL
o Fiber optics

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 17


Internet Composition

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 18


Internet Addressing
IP address: pattern of 32 or 128 bits often represented in dotted
decimal notation
Mnemonic address:
o Domain names
o Top-Level Domains

Domain name system (DNS)


o Name servers
o DNS lookup

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 19


Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names & Numbers (ICANN)
Allocates IP addresses to ISPs who then assign those
addresses within their regions.
Oversees the registration of domains and domain names.

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 20


Early Internet Applications
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet and SSH
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Electronic Mail (email)
o Domain mail server collects incoming mail and transmits outing mail
o Mail server delivers collected incoming mail to clients via POP3 or IMAP

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 21


SMTP Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 22


More Recent Applications
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
Internet Multimedia Streaming
o Unicast
o Multicast
o On-demand streaming
o Content delivery networks (CDNs)

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 23


4.3 The World Wide Web

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 24


World Wide Web
Hypertext combines internet technology with concept of linked-
documents
o Embeds hyperlinks to other documents

Browsers present materials to the user


Webservers provide access to documents
Documents are identified by URLs and transferred using HTTP

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 25


A typical URL

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 26


Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML)
Encoded as text file
Contains tags to communicate with browser
◦Appearance
• <h1> to start a level one heading
• <p> to start a new paragraph
◦Links to other documents and content
• <a href = . . . >
◦Insert images
• <img src = . . . >

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 27


A simple webpage

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 28


A simple webpage (continued)

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 29


An enhanced simple webpage

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 30


An enhanced simple Web page
(continued)

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 31


Extensible Markup
Language (XML)
XML: A language for constructing markup languages similar to
HTML
◦ A descendant of SGML
◦ Opens door to a World Wide Semantic Web

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 32


Using XML
<staff clef = “treble”> <key>C minor</key>
<time> 2/4 </time>
<measure> < rest> egth </rest> <notes> egth G, egth G, egth G
</notes></measure>
<measure> <notes> hlf E </notes></measure>
</staff>

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 33


Figure 4.11 The first two bars of
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 34


Client Side Versus Server
Side
Client-side activities
o Javascript
o Macromedia Flash

Server-side activities
o Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
o Servlets
o JavaServer Pages (JSP) / Active Server Pages (ASP)
o PHP

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 35


4.4 Internet Protocols

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 36


Package-shipping example

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 37


Internet Software Layers
Application: Constructs message with address
Transport: Chops message into packets
Network: Handles routing through the Internet
Link: Handles actual transmission of packets

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 38


The Internet software layers

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 39


Following a message through the Internet

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 40


TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Transport Layer
o Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
o User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Network Layer
o Internet Protocol (IP)
• IPv4
• IPv6

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 41


Choosing between TCP and UDP

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 42


4.5 Security

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 43


Security
Attacks
o Malware (viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spyware, phishing software)
o Denial of service (DoS)
o Spam

Protection
o Firewalls
o Spam filters
o Proxy Servers
o Antivirus software

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 44


Encryption
HTTPS and SSL
Public-key Encryption
o Public key: Used to encrypt messages
o Private key: Used to decrypt messages

Certificates and Digital Signatures


o Certificate authorities

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 45


Public-key encryption

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, VNU-HCM 46

You might also like