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    Definition and Elements, Material and Formal Object, Division, and Historical Development of Ethics

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    Kate Evangelista
    The document discusses ethics, including its definition, elements, and historical development. It clarifies terms like kinds of valuation, the difference between ethics and morals, and descriptive versus normative ethics. It outlines sources of authority in ethics like law, religion, and culture. It also discusses senses of self, including subjectivism, psychological egoism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it covers topics in ethics such as the ultimate end of man, human acts, morality, virtues, and special questions in ethics.

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    Definition and Elements, Material and Formal Object, Division, and Historical Development of Ethics

    Uploaded by

    Kate Evangelista
    28 views21 pages
    The document discusses ethics, including its definition, elements, and historical development. It clarifies terms like kinds of valuation, the difference between ethics and morals, and descriptive versus normative ethics. It outlines sources of authority in ethics like law, religion, and culture. It also discusses senses of self, including subjectivism, psychological egoism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it covers topics in ethics such as the ultimate end of man, human acts, morality, virtues, and special questions in ethics.

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    ethics, act of doing good and bad

    Original Title

    Ethics

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    The document discusses ethics, including its definition, elements, and historical development. It clarifies terms like kinds of valuation, the difference between ethics and morals, and descriptive versus normative ethics. It outlines sources of authority in ethics like law, religion, and culture. It also discusses senses of self, including subjectivism, psychological egoism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it covers topics in ethics such as the ultimate end of man, human acts, morality, virtues, and special questions in ethics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views21 pages

    Definition and Elements, Material and Formal Object, Division, and Historical Development of Ethics

    Uploaded by

    Kate Evangelista
    The document discusses ethics, including its definition, elements, and historical development. It clarifies terms like kinds of valuation, the difference between ethics and morals, and descriptive versus normative ethics. It outlines sources of authority in ethics like law, religion, and culture. It also discusses senses of self, including subjectivism, psychological egoism, and ethical egoism. Finally, it covers topics in ethics such as the ultimate end of man, human acts, morality, virtues, and special questions in ethics.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Definition and Elements, Material and

    Formal Object, Division, and Historical


    Development of Ethics

    ETHICS
    CLARIFICATIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES

    1. Kinds of Valuation
    - Aesthetic Valuation
    - Technical Valuation
    2. Ethics and Morals
    3. Descriptive and Normative Study of Ethics
    4. Issue, Decision, Judgment, and Dilemma
    SOURCES OF AUTHORITY

    1. Law
    2. Religion
    3. Culture
    SENSES OF THE SELF

    1. Subjectivism
    2. Psychological Egoism
    3. Ethical Egoism
    ETHICS

    Ethics is the study of the choices people make


    regarding right and wrong.
    ETHICS
    1. Two extremes:
    Moral Relativism – the belief that decisions about
    right and wrong are purely personal and
    subjective.
    Absolutophobia – the fear of saying unequivocally
    that certain behavior is unethical.
    (ex. One is passionate about animal rights but
    can’t take a stand regarding abortion.)
    ETHICS

    2. Etymology:
    Ethics: ethos (Gk.) – custom or particular
    behavior; mos,moris (Lat.) – custom
    Custom – a more or less permanent behavior in
    accordance with the precepts of the natural
    moral law, which is universally known and
    common to all men.
    ETHICS

    Material and Formal Object of Ethics:


    Material object: Human Acts
    Formal object quod: Right Conduct – human acts
    are considered under the aspect of their being
    right or wrong.
    Formal object quo: the principles and conclusions
    of ethics are derived From Human Reason
    Alone
    ETHICS

    Some Truths Presupposed in Ethics:


    – The existence of God
    – The dignity of the human person
    – The immortality of the soul
    ETHICS
    Division of Ethics:
    General Ethics
     The ultimate end of man
     Human acts

     Morality of human acts

     Law and conscience

     Virtue in general

     Historical survey of the different ethical traditions


    ETHICS
    Special Questions in Ethics
     Rights and duties

     Individual ethics

     Social ethics

     Political ethics

     Professional ethics
    ETHICS
    The Ultimate End of Man
    What is the purpose of human life?
    Anaxagoras: “to contemplate the sun”
    Socrates: “to learn how to die”
    Epicurus: “sensual and intellectual
    pleasures”
    Zeno: “to be superior to sufferings”
    Plato: “the right cultivation of the human
    soul”
    End – that toward which an action tends.
    ETHICS
    Proximate End – an immediate end on account of which
    an action is immediately performed.
    Intermediate End – a subordinate end sought for the
    attainment of another end.
    Ultimate End – that on account of which other ends or
    means are sought.
    Absolute Last End – “that end for the sake of which all
    other things are desired and which is not itself desired
    for the sake of anything else.” (St. Thomas Aquinas)
    End of the Action – the intrinsic purpose of the action
    End of the Agent – the intention or purpose that an agent
    has in mind.
    ETHICS

    Three principles concerning the end of human


    actions:
    Every agent that performs an action acts for the
    sake of an end to be attained.
    Every agent acts for an ultimate end.
    Every agent has the power of moving for an end
    which is suitable or good for him.
    ETHICS

    Good – that which satisfies the appetite, the


    object of our striving, the thing which can
    confer perfection and satisfaction to our
    powers or faculties.
    ETHICS
    Kinds of Goods:
    Real Good – truly good in itself
    Apparent Good – evil in itself but appears to be
    good
    Conditional Good – good under a certain aspect
    ETHICS

    Simple Good – something perfect according to its


    own nature
    Imperfect Good – anything that satisfies the
    appetites
    Perfect Good – that which can satisfy human
    nature completely and to the highest degree
    and leaves nothing to be desired.

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