Computer in Our Daily Life

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How does computer work?
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How does
computer
work?
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Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
Data Bus: Data bus is the most common type of bus. It is used to
transfer data between different components of computer. The number
of lines in data bus affects the speed of data transfer between different
components. The data bus consists of 8, 16, 32, 64 lines. A 64-line data
bus can transfer 64 bits of data at one time.

Address bus: Many components are connected to one another through

buses. Each component is assigned a unique ID. This ID is called the
address of that component. If a component wants to communicate with
another component, it uses address bus to specify the address of that
component. The address is a unidirectional bus. It can carry information
only in one direction. It carries address of memory location from
microprocessor to main memory.
Control Bus: Control bus is used to transmit different commands or
control signals from one component to another component. A control
signal contains the timing information and command signal (type of
operation to be performed)

Memory Bus: The memory bus is used to transfer information between

the CPU and the main memory – RAM. This bus is connected to the
North Bridge or Memory Controller Hub chip.
Processor Bus: Also called the front side bus (FSB), this is the higher
speed bus of the system. This bus is used primarily by the processor to
pass information to and from main memory and the North Bridge. It is
normally 64 bits wide.

AGP (Advanced Graphics Port) Bus:This is a 32-bit bus specifically for a

video card. It requires for very fast performance of video on computers.
It support high performance video like 3D graphics, full-motion video etc.
It runs at 66MHz, 133MHZ, 266MHz or 533MHz. It creates connection
between CPU and video card.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) Bus:This is usually a 33MHz 32-
bit bus found in virtually all systems. It connects the CPU, memory and
peripherals to wider and faster data pathway. High speed peripherals
such as network card, video card and more can be plugged into PCI Bus
slot. PCI-X and PCI-Express are faster developments of the PCI bus.

PCI-X:PCI-X is a second generation development of the PCI Bus that

provides faster speeds than PCI. It is used primarily in workstation and
server installations. PCI-X supports 64-bit slots.
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PCI-Express:PCI-Express bus is a third generation development
of the PCI bus. PCI-Express is a differential signaling bus that
can be generated by either the North Bridge or the South
Bridge. The speed of PCI-Express is described in terms of
lanes.

ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) Bus: This is an 8MHz 16-bit bus that
supports older text-based applications. It is a very slow speed bus, but it
was ideal for certain slow-speed or older peripherals. It has been used in
the past for plug-in modems, sound cards and various other
slow-speed peripherals.
MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) Bus: This bus was
developed by IBM as an attempt to replace the ISA bus with
something ‘bigger’ and ‘better’. It is a 32-bit bus. It works on
more speed in comparison with ISA Bus.

USB (Universal Serial Bus):This is an external bus standard

that supports data transfer rates of 12 Mbps. A single USB port
can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices including
mouse, modem, keyboard, printer, digital camera etc. USB has
two versions- USB 1X and USB 2X.
Methods of Communication
Wired Communication

Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire-

based communication technology. Examples include telephone
networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic
communication. Also waveguide (electromagnetism), used for high-
power applications, is considered as wired line. Local telephone
networks often form the basis for wired communications that are
used by both residential and business customers in the area.
A Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a common
interface that enables communication
between devices and a host controller
such as a personal computer (PC).
External connector, similar to a USB port, that
provides a high-speed connection between a computer and
peripheral devices. Firewire was developed by Apple,
Inc. and is based off the standard IEEE 1394 high
performance serial bus. Firewire ports are able to
transfer data at a rate of up to 400 Mbps.
An Ethernet cable is a
common type of network
cable used with wired
networks. Ethernet
cables connect devices
such as PCs, routers,
and switches within
a local area network.
These physical cables
are limited by length
and durability.
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia
Interface) is a proprietary
audio/video interface for
transmitting uncompressed video data
and compressed or
uncompressed digital audio data from
an HDMI-compliant source device, such
as a display controller, to a
compatible computer monitor, video
projector, digital television,
or digital audio device.[4] HDMI is a
digital replacement for analog
video standards.
A Video Graphics
Array (VGA) connector is a
three-row 15-pin DE
15 connector. The 15
pin VGA connector was provided
on many video cards, computer
monitors, laptop computers,
projectors, and high definition
television sets. On laptop
computers or other small
devices, a mini-VGA port was
sometimes used in place of the
full-sized VGA connector.
In computing, a serial
port is a serial
communication interfac
e through which
information transfers
in or out one bit at a
time (in contrast to
a parallel port).
A parallel port is a type
of interface found
on computers (personal an
d otherwise) for
connecting peripherals.
The name refers to the
way the data is sent;
parallel ports send
multiple bits of data at
once, in parallel
communication, as opposed
to serial interfaces that
send bits one at a time.
The PS/2 port is a 6-
pin mini-DIN
connector used for
connecting keyboards a
nd mice to a PC
compatible computer
system. Its name comes
from the IBM Personal
System/2 series
of personal computers,
with which it was
introduced in 1987.
A phone connector,
also known as phone
jack, audio
jack, headphone
jack or jack plug, is
a family of
electrical connectors
typically used
for analog audio
signals.
Wireless Communication

Wireless communication is the transfer of

information or power between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless
technologies use radio waves. With radio waves distances can be
short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of
kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses
various types of fixed, mobile, and portable applications,
including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking.
Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking
technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless
high-speed Internet and network connections. A common
misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless
fidelity," however this is not the case. Wi-Fi is simply a
trademarked phrase that means IEEE 802.11x.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data
between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical
radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area
networks (PANs). The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but
no longer maintains the standard.
The Samsung Smart View
app for mobile and PC
brings the videos,
photos, and music from
your mobile device or
computer directly to
your full-size TV
screen
Some Common Terms
• The Internet is a network of computers spanning the globe. It is
also called the World Wide Web.

• An Internet Browser is a software program that enables you to

view Web pages on your computer. Browsers connect computers
to the Internet, and allow people to “surf the Web.”

• Internet Explorer is one of the browsers most commonly used.

There are other browsers available as well, including Netscape.
• A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed
by its own Internet address is called a Web site.

• A Web Page is like a page in a book. Websites often

have several pages that you can access by clicking on
links. A Web site can be a collection of related Web
pages.

• Each Web site contains a home page (this is the original

starting page) and may also contain additional pages.

• Different computers will have different home pages.

You can set your own webpage.
Layout of a Web Page

1. Title bar – tells you the name of the web page

2. Menu bar – has commands for moving around the webpage,
printing, etc
3. Tool bar – short cuts to commands. Each picture
represents a command
4. Address bar – webpage address. If you want to go directly
to a web page, you will need to know the address.
Parts of a Web Address
• A web address is typically composed of four parts:
• For example, the address http://www.google.ca is made up of the
following areas:
• http://
This Web server uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This is the most
common protocol on the Internet.
• www
This site is on the World Wide Web.
• google
The Web server and site maintainer.
• ca
This tells us it is a site in Canada.
• Endings of web pages tells us a bit about the page. Some common endings to web
addresses are:

• com (commercial)
• edu (educational institution)
• gov (government)
• net (network)
• org (organization)

• You might also see addresses that add a country code as the last part of the address
such as:
• ca (Canada)
• uk (United Kingdom)
• fr (France)
• us (United States of America)
• au (Australia)
How to Search the Internet
Two basic ways
1. if you know the address of the web page (example:
www.cbc.ca)

2. Using a search engine like Google to find the address.

This is called a keyword search
Typing in the Web Site Address
1. Go to the address bar. Click once to highlight the address. (It
should turn blue).
2. Hit the Delete key on your keyboard.
3. Enter the following address: www.theweathernetwork.com
4. Then press Enter on the keyboard or click on the word Go on
the right side of the Address Bar.
Search the Internet
• If you don’t know the address of the webpage,
but want to learn more about a topic or find a
particular website, you will need to do a search.

• There are several handy search engines out there

that will locate information for you. Two of the
mostly commonly used are:
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com
Practice Exercise
1. Type www.google.ca into the address bar. (www.google.ca is a Canadian
version of the search engine. www.google.com will search US sites first)

2. Hit the Enter key or Go on the toolbar. You should see the Google web page.