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Data Organization: Seat Number: 22 Name: Reynald T. Gurion

The document discusses different ways of organizing data in research, including using frequency distribution tables, stem and leaf diagrams, and different types of charts and graphs. It provides examples and guidelines for constructing each type of data organization method. Proper data organization is important for research as it helps validate findings and allows researchers to analyze data to answer questions.

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45 views

Data Organization: Seat Number: 22 Name: Reynald T. Gurion

The document discusses different ways of organizing data in research, including using frequency distribution tables, stem and leaf diagrams, and different types of charts and graphs. It provides examples and guidelines for constructing each type of data organization method. Proper data organization is important for research as it helps validate findings and allows researchers to analyze data to answer questions.

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게이밍미라클
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Seat Number: 22

Name: Reynald T. Gurion

DATA ORGANIZATION
WHAT IS DATA ORGANIZATION?

 A process organizing collected factual material commonly


accepted in the scientific community as necessary
to validate research findings.
 “Research data is data that is collected,
observed, or created, for purposes of analysis
to produce original research results”(Boston University Libraries,
n.d.a).
WHY IS DATA IMPORTANT IN
RESEARCH?

 Data are intended to represent facts and


without proper preservation of the context of
collection and interpretation, may become
meaningless (Boston University Libraries, n.d.a).
WHY IS DATA IMPORTANT IN
RESEARCH?

 The collection of data and its analysis


assists researchers with discovering answers to their
research questions and hypotheses. In some cases,
it even predicts future outcomes (Office of
Research Integrity, n.d.a).
WAYS OF ORGANIZING DATA IN
RESEARCH

1. Frequency Distribution Table


2. Stem and Leaf Diagram
3. Chart
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

To construct a frequency table, We use the following


steps:

1. Construct a table with three columns. Then in


the first column, write down all of
the data values in ascending order.
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

2. To complete the second column, go through


the list of data values and place
one tally mark at the appropriate place
in the second column for every data
value. When the fifth tally is reached
for a mark, draw a diagonal line through the
first four tally marks. We continue this
process until all data values in the list are tallied.
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

3. Count the number of tally marks for


each data value and write it in
the third column
TYPES OF FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

A. CATEGORICAL/ UNGROUP - Determine the order to list


the categories then total the number of
occurrences of each category.

Example: The following data represents the scores of 10 students


8 6 4 5 8 8 9 10 10 6
Construct a table with three columns. The first column
shows what is being arranged in ascending order (i.e. the
scores). The lowest mark is 4. So, start from 4 in the first
column as shown below. The second column is Tally, third is
frequency.

SCORE TALLY FREQUENCY


4 I 1
5 I 1
6 II 2
7 0 0
8 III 3
9 I 1
10 II 2
TYPES OF FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION

B. GROUP - It refers to data being organized into


groups known as classes.

GUIDELINES:
1. Use between 5 – 20 classes
2. Classes are mutually exclusive
3. Include all classes even if the frequency is zero
4. Use the same width for all classes
5. Use convenient numbers for the class limit
6. The sum of the frequency must total the data set
7. Have enough classes for all the data
8. Remember to use 0 if the class has no data, don’t leave it
blank.
The following data represents the ages of 20 respondents 21 26 18 45 32
41 42 22 28 26 33 20 26 44 46 21 24 36 39 30
1. Determine the highest and lowest value and then compute the Range:
Range = Highest value- Lowest value, Range = 46 - 18 = 28.
2. Decide how many numbers of classes you want to have.
Example: 5 Classes
3. Compute the Class width or class interval
i = Class Interval = Range/number of Classes = 28/5 = 5.6 or 6
or you may use the equation below:
Log number of Observation/log2 or 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4. Lower class limit (Smallest number of each class) and
upper class limit (largest number of each class) Example: LCL
= 18,24,30,36,42 UCL = 23,29,35,41,47
5. Class Boundaries – The number that separates the classes
from one another by Subtracting .5 to Lower limit and add
.5 to upper limit of each class. Example: (LL) 18 - .5 = 17.5
(Class Boundary) and (UP) 23 + .5 = 23.5 (Class Boundary)
 we proceed as follows:

AGE TALLY FREQUENCY

18-23 IIIII 5

24-29 IIIIII 6

30-35 III 3

36-41 II 2

42-47 IIII 4
2. STEM AND LEAF DIAGRAM

A method used to organize statistical data that


helps us to see values according to their size, so
we can order them accordingly. In a stem-and-
leaf diagram, each data value is split into a stem
and a leaf. The leaf is the last digit to the right.
The stem is the remaining digits to the left. For
the number 243, the stem is 24 and the leaf is 3.
Example: The following data represents the science test scores for
the third grading period (out of 100%):
97 92 77 82 96 75 68 80 79 96
21 34 55 84 87 68 87 88 97 81
STEM LEAVES

2 1
3 4
5 5
6 88
7 579
8 0124778
9 26677
3. GRAPH OR CHART

Graphs or charts condense large amounts of information


into easy-to-understand formats that clearly and effectively
communicate important points.
TYPES OF CHART
a. Bar Chart
b. Pie Chart
c. Line Chart
d. Histogram
A. Bar chart

 composed of discrete bars that represent different categories of


data. The length or height of the bar is equal to the quantity
within that category of data. Bar graphs are best used to
compare values across categories.
 Example: The following data represents Peters’ Grades in
Science subject for 1st – 4th quarter.

Grades in Science subject for 1st – 4th quarter.


QUARTER GRADES

FIRST 84

SECOND 90

THIRD 89

FOURTH 93
B. Pie chart

 A circular chart used to compare parts of the whole. It is


divided into sectors that are equal in size to the quantity
represented.
Example: The following data represent the monthly
household expenses of Rich family.
Household Amount monthly household expenses
expenses
Internet 1000

Electricity 2000

Grocery 4000

Other 3000
Line chart

 Displays the relationship between two types of information,


such as number of school personnel trained by year. They are
useful in illustrating trends over time.
Example: The following data shows daily temperature in Luna, La
Union, recorded for 5 days in Degrees Celsius

DAYS °C

MONDAY 29

TUESDAY 33

WEDNESDAY 31

THURSDAY 36

FRIDAY 34
D. Histogram

 connected bars that display the frequency or proportion


of cases that fall within defined intervals or columns. The
bars on the histogram can be of varying width and
typically display continuous data. Example: The following
data represents the number of respondents aged 8-55
who are disabled.

AGE FREQUENCY
8-15 10
16-23 14
24-31 19
32-39 12
40-47 14
48-55 25
GUIDELINES FOR FORMATTING
CHARTS

 Keep it simple and avoid flashy special effects. Present only essential
information. Avoid using gratuitous options in graphical software
programs, such as three-dimensional bars, that confuse the reader. If the
graph or chart is too complex, it will not clearly communicate the
important points.
 Title your graph or chart clearly to convey the purpose. The title
provides the reader with the overall message you are conveying.
 Specify the units of measurement on the x and y-axis. Years, number of
participants trained, and type of school personnel are examples of labels
for units of measurement.
 Label each part of the chart or graph. You may need a legend if there is
too much information to label each part of the chart or graph. Use
different colors or variations in patterns to help the reader distinguish
categories and understand your graph or chart.
REFERENCE

https://www.slideshare.net/RowellBalala/data-organization-
75907598?qid=1223a148-2b4e-49e6-bcc9-
47a0e69691b2&v=&b=&from_search=3

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