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Lecture 2 - First-Order Differential Equations

This document covers various methods for solving first-order differential equations, including the method of separation of variables, methods using transformations of variables like homogeneous equations and special transformations, exact differential equations and integrating factors, and linear and Bernoulli differential equations. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve differential equations and gives learning outcomes, concepts, techniques, exercises and homework problems related to first-order differential equations.

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Mary Joyce Roxas
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425 views24 pages

Lecture 2 - First-Order Differential Equations

This document covers various methods for solving first-order differential equations, including the method of separation of variables, methods using transformations of variables like homogeneous equations and special transformations, exact differential equations and integrating factors, and linear and Bernoulli differential equations. It provides examples of applying these methods to solve differential equations and gives learning outcomes, concepts, techniques, exercises and homework problems related to first-order differential equations.

Uploaded by

Mary Joyce Roxas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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First-order differential

equations
1st Semester, A.Y. 2019-2010
COE 201
Content Layout

 Method of separation of variables


 Method of transformation of variables (homogenous equation & special
transformation)
 Exact differential equation and integrating factors
 Linear first-order equation
 Bernoulli differential equation
Learning Outcome

 To present the mathematical concepts and various techniques in a clear, logical


and concise manner.
Method of separation of variables

We begin our study of the methods for solving first-order equations by studying an
equation of the form: M dx + N dy = 0, where M and N may be functions of both x
and y. Some equations of this type are so simple that they can be put in the form:
A(x) dx + B(y) dy = 0;
that is, the variables can be separated.

This type of D.E. is called variable separable or separable differential equations.


Rule to solve variable separable D.E

𝑑𝑦
Consider the equation = 𝑋𝑌, where X is a function of x only and Y is a function
𝑑𝑥
of y only.
𝑑𝑦
1. Given differential equation is = 𝑋𝑌.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑌
= 𝑋𝑑𝑥 i.e., variables have been separated.
𝑑𝑦
3. Integrating both sides, ‫𝑌 ׬‬ = ‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑋 ׬‬+ 𝑐, where c is an arbitrary constant, is
the required solution.
Notes

a) Never forget to add an arbitrary constant on one side only. A solution without
this constant is wrong, for it is the general solution.
b) The nature of the arbitrary constant depends upon the nature of the problem.
c) A constant is, after all, a constant, in whatever form it may be taken.
d) The solution of a differential equation must be put in a form as simple as
possible.
Notes (cont.)
Exercises – Board Problems

1. Obtain the particular solution satisfying the initial conditions indicated.


a) y’ = x exp (y – x2); when x = 0 and y = 0
b) xyy’ = 1 + y2; when x = 2, y = 3
c) v(dv/dx) = g; when x = x0, v = v0
Exercises – Board Problems

1. Obtain the general solution.


a) x2 dx + y (x – 1) dy = 0
b) (xy + x) dx = (x2y2 + x2 + y2 + 1) dy
c) x cos2 y dx + tan y dy = 0
d) xy3 dx + (y + 1) e-x dy = 0
e) y ln x ln y dx + dy = 0
f) tan2 y dy = sin3 x dx
In-class activity 03 (Long bond or yellow pad)

Solve the following differential equations.


𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥

2. 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.


1. (y2 – 6y + 13) dx – dy = 0
2. (y + 1) y’ = x2y – y; y(3) = -1
3. sec2 x tan y dx + sec2 y tan x dy = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1)
4. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦+𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑦−𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥=𝑦
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
+
1−𝑥 2
=0

𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 + sin 𝑥 − 𝑦

3. 𝑦 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 1 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑠
4. + 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑠
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦
Take Home (Test Booklet)

Solve the given differential equations.


𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +𝑦+1
1. 𝑑𝑥
+
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1
=0
𝑑𝑦
2. 1+ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

3. 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
4. If = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 and it is given that for x = 1, y = 1; find y when x = 1.
𝑑𝑥

5. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
“Have I not commanded you? Be strong
and courageous. Do not be frightened,
and do not be dismayed, for
the LORD your God is with you wherever
you go.”
Joshua 1:9 ESV
Method of transformation of variables

HOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Equations of the type = 𝑓 are called homogenous differential equations. For
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
example:

NOTE: A first order ordinary homogenous differential equation on this lecture is


different from the definition found in Lecture 1.
Conversion of homogenous D.E to variable separable D.E

A homogenous equation can be converted to a variable separable equation using a


transformation of variables.
Steps to be executed:
𝑦
1. Let 𝑣 = , where 𝑣 will be the new dependent variable, while 𝑥 is still the
𝑥
independent variable.
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
2. From 𝑣 = , 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥. Differentiating will lead to: =𝑣+𝑥 .
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑣
3. From = 𝑓( ), thus 𝑣 + 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑣 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cont.

Separating the variables will arrive to:


𝑑𝑣
𝑥 =𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥
thus,
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
න =න +𝐶
𝑓 𝑣 −𝑣 𝑥
𝑦
after integration, return the original variables with the substitution 𝑣 = .
𝑥
Board Problems

Solve the following by using the method of transformation of variables.


1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

3. 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
4. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
5. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(l𝑛 𝑦 − l𝑛 𝑥 + 1)
Take Home Problems (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.


𝑑𝑦 3𝑥𝑦+𝑦 2
1. 𝑑𝑥
=
3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦(𝑥+𝑦)
2. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
3. 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
4. 1 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦 1−
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 0
Take Home Problem (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.


𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 +𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +3𝑦 2
3. 𝑑𝑥
+ 2 2
3𝑥 +𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑦
4. 2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 =0
Take Home Problem (Test Booklet)

Use the transformation of variables to solve the following homogenous D.E.


𝑦 𝑦
1. 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

3. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
4. 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1
Exact Differential Equations and Integrating Factors

Exact Differential Equation – Working Rule


1. If for an equation of the form 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0 [where M and N are functions
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
of x and y] and = , it is exact!
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

2. Then the solution is‫ 𝑥𝑑𝑀 ׬‬+ ‫𝑐 = 𝑦𝑑 𝒙 𝒈𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒏𝒐𝒄 𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝑵 𝒏𝒊 𝒔𝒎𝒓𝒆𝒕 ׬‬.
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
Board Problems

Solve the general solution for the following equation by testing if the given D.E is
exact.
1. 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
2. 𝑦 1+
𝑥
+ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + log 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
3. 1 + 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦 1−
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 0

4. cos 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑎 sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + cos 𝑦 (cos 𝑦 − sin 𝑎 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑎2 (𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥)
5. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

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