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Signals and Systems

The document discusses companding, which is the process of compressing analog signals before transmission and then expanding them after reception. There are two main types: 1. Analog companding, which uses μ-law or A-law algorithms to amplify weaker signals more than stronger ones. 2. Digital companding, which converts 12-bit PCM codes to 8-bit compressed codes using μ-255 algorithms, then expands them back to 12-bit on reception.

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Roselle Ecube
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233 views23 pages

Signals and Systems

The document discusses companding, which is the process of compressing analog signals before transmission and then expanding them after reception. There are two main types: 1. Analog companding, which uses μ-law or A-law algorithms to amplify weaker signals more than stronger ones. 2. Digital companding, which converts 12-bit PCM codes to 8-bit compressed codes using μ-255 algorithms, then expands them back to 12-bit on reception.

Uploaded by

Roselle Ecube
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPANDING

 - is the process of compressing and then


expanding

 with companded system, the higher amplitude


analog signals are compressed - (amplified less
than the lower- amplitude signals) prior to
transmission and then expanded ( amplified more
than the lower amplitude signals in the
receiver).

1
TYPES OF COMPANDING

 1. Analog Companding
 a.  - Law
 b. A - Law

 2. Digital Companding

2
PCM SYSTEM WITH ANALOG COMPANDING
µ-LAW COMPANDING

Vmax ln(1 + µ{Vin /Vmax})


Vout =
ln(1 + µ)

Where:
Vmax = maximum uncompressed analog input amplitude (volts)
Vin = amplitude of the input signal at particular instant of time (volts)
µ = parameter used to define the amount of compression(unitless)
Vout = compressed output amplitude (volts)

4
µ-LAW CHARACTERISTIC
A-LAW COMPANDING

 In Europe, the ITU-T has established A-law


companding to be used to approximate true logarithmic
companding

AVin /Vmax Vin 1


Vout = Vmax 0≤ ≤
1 + lnA Vmax A

1 + ln(AVin /Vmax) 1 Vin


Vout = Vmax ≤ ≤ 1
1 + lnA A Vmax

6
DIGITALLY COMPOUNDED PCM SYSTEM
µ-255 COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTIC

- µ-law companding is a system that divides the analog


signal range into fifteen segments each eventually
encoded into eight-bit digital value.
13 SEGMENT SCALE
µ-255 COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTIC
8-BIT COMPRESSED CODE FORMAT

11
µ-255 ENCODING TABLE

12
µ-255 DECODING TABLE

13
14
PROCESS OF DIGITAL COMPRESSION

 Digitally, the 12-bit values are encoded into 8-bit


compressed code as follows:

 1. Retain the sign bit as the first bit of the 8-bit code.
 2. Count the number of zeros until the occurrence of the first 1 bit.
Subtract the zero count from 7. This is the segment number.
 3. The first occurrence of 1 is assumed during the expanding
process, so it is set aside during compression.
 4. Copy the next four bits (ABCD) into the 8-bit compressed code.

15
EXAMPLE

 Code the 12-bit code 100001011010 into an 8-bit


compressed µ-law code.

16
EXAMPLE

 Determine the 12-bit linear code, the eight-bit compressed


code, the decoded 12-bit code, the quantization error, and
the compression error for a resolution of 0.01 V and analog
sample voltages of

 (a) + 0.053 V
 (b) -0.318 V
 (c) +10.234 V

17
PROCESS OF DIGITAL EXPANSION

Expanding back digitally, reverses the process:

 1. Retain the sign bit.


 2. Take the segment number, subtract from 7 and add
that many 0s.
 3. Make the next bit a 1.
 4. The next bits are ABCD values.
 5. Add a 1 and sufficient 0s to complete the 12-bit value.

18
WORK Examples

 For the following 12-bit linear PCM codes, determine the


eight-bit compressed code to which they would be
converted:

 a. 100011110010
 b. 000001000000
 c. 000111111000
 d. 111111110010
 e. 000000100000

19
WORK

 For the following 8-bit compressed codes,determine the


expanded 12-bit code.

 a. 11001010
 b. 00010010
 c. 10101010
 d. 01010101
 e. 11110000
 f. 11011011
20
WORK

 A 12-bit linear sign-magnitude PCM code is digitally


compressed into 8 bits. For a resolution of 0.016 V,
determine the following quantities for the indicated input
voltages:
 a. 12-bit linear PCM code
 b. eight-bit compressed code
 c. decoded 12-bit code
 d. decoded voltage

 For Vin = -6.592 V, +12.992 V, -3.36 V


 21
PCM problems

Determine the signal-to-quantization noise ratio in dB, if an audio


signal with a bandwidth of 3.2 kHz is converted to PCM signal by
sampling at 8 kilosamples/sec and with a data rate of 64 kbps.
Line Encoding

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