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Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Types of (Autosaved)

The document discusses different types of communication styles between cultures, including direct and indirect codes, elaborate and restricted codes, and high and low context cultures. It examines how communication varies based on social contexts and relationships between speakers, with some cultures relying more on verbal language and others using more non-verbal cues. Different styles like personal, contextual, instrumental and affective are compared between individualistic and collective cultures.

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Leahcim Dela Salde Florentino
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1K views29 pages

Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Types of (Autosaved)

The document discusses different types of communication styles between cultures, including direct and indirect codes, elaborate and restricted codes, and high and low context cultures. It examines how communication varies based on social contexts and relationships between speakers, with some cultures relying more on verbal language and others using more non-verbal cues. Different styles like personal, contextual, instrumental and affective are compared between individualistic and collective cultures.

Uploaded by

Leahcim Dela Salde Florentino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVALUATING MESSAGES

AND IMAGES OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND IMAGES OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF TEXTS
o The style of manner of how people speak varies from each culture.
Even speaker of the same language provide a sense in speaking their
Lingua Franca. This explains why these variations are illustrated
an the high-and-low-text cultures. Individuals of high-context
cultures rely in non-verbal symbols to communicate than verbal-
communication. On the other hand, member of low-context cultures
depend on the verbal communication. Preferred, Obligated, or
prohibited are speech types in the social context of communication.

o According to Neuliep (2006) , As the social context varies, the


speakers of the language will generate different kinds of speech,
even they speak the same language. The social system delimits the
speaker’s option in terms of language use. The speech codes, then
are not defined in terms of lexicon or syntax, but by the social
structure of the culture
 Defining High-Context Culture
 Anthropologist Edward T. Hall first discussed high-context culture in his 1976
book titled Beyond Culture. High-context cultures are those in which the rules
of communication are primarily transmitted through the use of contextual
elements (i.e., body language, a person's status, and tone of voice) and are not
explicitly stated. This is in direct contrast to low-context cultures, in which
information is communicated primarily through language and rules are
explicitly spelled out.

 It is important to note that no culture is completely high-context or low-


context, since all societies contain at least some parts that are both high and
low. For example, while the United States is a low-context culture, family
gatherings (which are common in American culture) tend to be high-context.

 Members of high-context cultures usually have close relationships that last for
an extended period of time. As a result of these years of interacting with one
another, the members know what the rules are, how to think, and how to
behave, so the rules do not have to be explicitly stated. This makes high-
context cultures difficult to navigate for those who do not understand the
culture's unwritten rules.
CODE TYPES

o Restricted Code
o Elaborate Code
o Direct Code
o Indirect Code
Restricted Code

-The restricted code works better than the elaborated code for
situations in which there is a great deal of shared and taken-for-
granted knowledge in the group of speakers. It is economical and
rich, conveying a vast amount of meaning with a few words, each
of which has a complex set of connotations and acts like an
index, pointing the hearer to a lot more information which
remains unsaid.

Within the restricted code, speakers draw on background


knowledge and shared understanding. This type of code creates a
sense of includedness, a feeling of belonging to a certain group.
Restricted codes can be found among friends and families and
other intimately knit groups. The restricted code is less formal
with shorter phrases interjected into the middle or end of a
thought to confirm understanding. For example, “you know”,
“you know what I mean”, “right?” and “don’t you think?”
Elaborate Code

-the elaborated code spells everything out, not because it is better,


but because it is necessary so that everyone can understand it. It
has to elaborate because the circumstances do not allow the
speaker to condense. The elaborated code works well in situations
where there is no prior or shared understanding and knowledge,
where more thorough explanation is required. If one is saying
something new to someone they’ve never met before, they would
most certainly communicate in elaborated code.
In differentiating between restricted and
elaborated codes, it is noted that elaborated
code can “stand on its own”, it is complete and full
of detail, most overhearing a conversation would
be able to understand it. However, restricted code
is shorter, condensed and requires background
information and prior knowledge. A person
overhearing a conversation full of restricted code
would be quite lost. It would be easily identifiable
as an “insiders'” conversation.
Direct Codes

-Direct communication happens when a speaker’s true intentions


are communicated in his/her verbal message. It expresses the
speaker’s/sender’s needs and desires explicitly. When a direct
communicator wants or needs something, he/she will ‘come right
out and say it’.

Direct communicators take the other speaker’s words at face


value: they will not analyze the message for underlying meaning.
They value the effectiveness of short, direct answers, and expect
and respect honesty and frankness.

With direct communication, there is less risk of


misunderstanding, but more risk of surprising or offending the
receiver.
Indirect Code

-Indirect communication happens when a speaker’s true


intentions are hidden. Indirect speakers will not make a
direct statement or directly answer a question that might
cause tension or result in an uncomfortable situation. They
are more likely to say “maybe” or “possibly’ when the true
answer is “no”.

Indirect communicators believe that being polite is more


important than giving a true response; this belief is related
to the concept of ‘saving face’ – to avoid hurting another
person’s self-esteem.

With indirect communication, there is more risk of


misunderstanding, but less risk of offending the receiver.
STYLE TYPES

o Elaborate Style
o Exacting Style
o Succinct Style
o Personal Style
o Contextual Style
Elaborate Style
- Rich in expressive language (can seem wordy or
dramatic to others) , use metaphors and similes.

Exacting Style
- Does not use more or less language than is needed,
honest and the point.

Succinct Style
- Deliberately give a small amount of information,
understatement, silence, especially used in anxiety
ridden situation.
Personal and Contextual Style

o A Personal style uses fist-person pronouns during


conversation that emphasize informality and balance in
relationship in individualistic cultures. This can be seen in
English where the second person has only one form
“you”.This means that whoever the status of the speaker is
talking to whether high, equal or low status, the form
remains in the second person. If one meets the US President,
this individual will say, “its nice to meet you.” the same
phrase will be addressed to a new acquaintance , neighbor
and so forth.

o A Contextual style tailors the role identify and status of a


person. It controls word selection and choice specifically
personal pronouns.
Instrumental and Affective style

o Instrumental Style: Goal oriented, focuses on sender who


clearly lets other know what s/he wants other to know; more
commonly found in individualistic, low-context cultures.
o The Affective Style common in collective, high-context
culture; characterized by language requiring listener to note
what is said/ observe how message is presented; meaning often
nonverbal requires receiver to use intuitive skills to decipher
message.

Affective examples: discuss


Instrumental examples: mag yaw yaw imong mama
Cross-cultural Conflict Styles
o Many aspect arise when speakers of other cultures
converse each others. Conflicts happen when there is
incompatibility of ideas, limited or insufficient resources.

Cross-Cultural Conflict. By definition, conflict occurring between


individuals or social groups that are separated by cultural
boundaries can be considered “cross-cultural conflict.”

Thus conflict that occurs across cultural boundaries


is especially susceptible to problems of intercultural
miscommunication and misunderstanding. These
problems exacerbate the conflict, no matter what the
root causes of it.—
In this sense culture is an important factor in many
sorts of conflicts that at first may appear to be
exclusively about material resources or negotiable
Interests.
To be frank, i don’t like you.

She is a peacock. My teacher is a dragon. The classroom was a zoo.


The definition of contextual is depending
on the context, or surrounding words,
phrases, and paragraphs, of the writing.
An example of contextual is how the word
"read" can have two
different meanings depending upon what
words are around it.
YourDictionary definition and
usage example.
For example: direct and indirect code

A sales manager has just received a poorly-written report


with a few unsupported statements.

If the manager is a direct communicator, he/she might


say to the employee, “You have made a number of errors
and incorrect assumptions in this report. Go back, check
your data and proofread your work.

If the manager is an indirect communicator, he/she might


say, “It seems there are some mistakes in this report and
readers may question some of your assumptions. Could
you check it over another time before finalizing it?”

The goal is the same for the direct and indirect


communicator: he/she wants the employee to turn in a
better report. However, the second request may require
interpretation.

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