Building Technology 1

Materials of Construction
Taken from UST Architecture final exam by Arch. Rafael Alli
Recommended review material for UST Preboard Exams

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 Components of paints
Body
Vehicle
Pigment
 Types of Glass
Plate glass
Float glass
Sheet glass
 Common Paint Problems
Tackining
Bleeding
Blistering
Chalking
Deadening
Moisture blush
Orange peel
Peeling
Wrinkling
 Concrete Testing Methods
Slump test
Compressive test
Core test
 Types of Concrete
Heavyweight
Lightweight structural
Normal weight
Lightweight insulating
Cellular
Cap graded
Shotcrete
Preplaced
Pumped
 Types of Concrete Finishes
 Integrally pigmented finish
 Screeded trowelled
 Swirl
 Broomed
 Burlap drag
 Travertine and rock salt
 Stamped
 Exposed aggregate
 Form board
 Form liner plastics
 Dimpled
 Types of Aggregates
Expanded shale
Expanded slate
Porlite
Vermiculite
 Types of Adhesive
Animal glue
Cellulose cement
Chlorinated (rubber) adhesive
Natural rubber cement
Casein glue
 Casein glue
A kind of glue that is made from
protein material, it is a dry powder
that is mixed with water, it has good
bonding properties for wood to wood
or paper to wood application and will
develop the full strength of the wood
in most situations.
 admixture
Any substance other than cement,
water or aggregate, added to the
concrete or mortar mix to alter its
properties or those of the hardened
product; also called an additive.
 Concrete hardener
An additive which improves the
denseness of concrete surface which
are subjected to rolling live loads and
impact.
 Body
That solid, finely ground material
which gives paint the power to hide,
as well as color the surface.
 Chalking
A paint defect characterized by
progressive powdering from the
surface inward.
 enamel
Any paint or varnish drying to a
smooth, hard, usually glossy finish.
 Natural resin
Avarnish made from natural resin or
exudations from living trees.
 ferrocement
A type of concrete having mortar
with large amount of light gauge
reinforcement is used; it is used in
bins, boat hulls and other thin
complex shapes
 Reinforced concrete
A type of concrete using reinforcing
bars (plain or deformed) and mats as
primary reinforcement.
Integrally pigmented concrete
A type of concrete finish in which
coloring agents are added to the
mixture. It may be trowelled,
sandblasted, tooled or stamped.
 Stamped concrete
A concrete finish using proprietary
aluminum tools to imprint various
patterns in freshly placed horizontal
concrete surface.
 aggregate
Any of the various hard inert mineral
material, such as sand and gravel,
added to a cement paste to make
concrete or mortar.
 fillers
Finishing material which is used on
wood surfaces, particularly those
with open grains, to till the pores and
provide perfectly smooth, uniform
surface for varnish or lacquer.
 Animal glue
A glue in liquid form having excellent
bonding property with paper or glass
and reasonably good bond with wood
or metal. Resistance to heat, cold,
creep and water is poor.
 Fire retardant
Atype of paint which retards the
passage of fire to the surface
beneath them.
 Alkyd paint
Atype of paint using alkyd in the
formulation. It has a mild alkali
resistance but excellent water
resistance, particularly useful for
porch and deck application.
 pigment
Paint component which gives it color.
 alligatoring
An incomplete form of peeling where
the paint cracks into large segments,
usually due to repeated application of
new coats over old coats which are no
longer adherent.
 thinner
Volatile solvents used to cause paint
to flow better.
 Normal weight concrete
A type of concrete having density of
135-165 lbs/cu.ft., compressive
strength from 2,000psi - over
8,000psi. It is used in structural
framing, pavements, floor, etc.
 Slump test
A method of determining the
consistency and workability of freshly
mixed concrete by measuring the
slump of a test specimen.
 Compressive test
A test for determing the
compressive of a concrete batch,
using a hydraulic press to measure
the maximum load test a cylinder can
support.
 Shotcrete
A term used to describe mortar or
concrete placed by high velocity
compressed air that adheres to the
surface.
 Polymer-portland cement
A type of concrete wherein monomer
or polymer is added to freshly mixed
concrete and subsequently allowed to
cure, and if needed polymerized in
place.
 sandglass
Concrete characterized by textured
patterns through the use of
templates.
 Dimpled concrete
Concrete cast over a bed of crushed
stone or gravel aggregate against a
polyethylene sheet between them to
prevent bonding.
 vermiculite
Mica exoanded by heat into very
light wormlike threads, used as non-
structural lightweight aggregate and
as loose fill insulation.
 Expanded shale
Astrong lightweight aggregate
obtained by exfoliation of clay or
shale, also called expanded clay.
 Vitreous colored glass
Polished plate glass which is heat
strengthened and coated on one side with
vitreous color which is fire fused to the
surface. This type of glass is widely used in
curtain wall construction, storefronts,
showrooms, laboratories and industrial
buildings.
 Acoustical glass
Laminated or insulating glass used
for sound control.
 Insulating glass
Aglass unit consisting of two or
more sheets of glass separated by
hermetically sealed air spaces.
 glass
A hard brittle usually transparent or
translucent substance, produced by
fusing silica together with a flux and
a stabilizer into a mass that cools
into a rigid mass without
crystallization.
 Laminated safety glass
Glass used in the transportation
industry, but also widely used in the
building industry. This is made of two
sheets or plate or sheet glass
bounded by a thin tough layer of
polyvinyl butyral resin.
 Plate glass
A flat soda lime-silica glass that is
extremely smooth and nearly
distortion free. It is manufactured
by pouring molten glass onto a
surface of molten tin and allowing it
to cool slowly.
 Wired glass
A rolled glass in which wire mesh is
inserted during the process of
manufacture. It is characterized by
its great resistance to shattering
through impact.
 Crown glass
An old form of window glass formed
by blowing and whirling a hollow
sphere of glass into a flat circular
disc with the center lump left by the
worker’s rod.
 Glass block
A translucent hollow block of glass
with clear, textured or patterned
faces made by fusing two halves
together with hollow core, used for
glazing openings.
 Tempered plate glass
A type of glass made by reheating
and suddenly cooling plate glass. Used
for swing doors, sliding doors, skating
rink enclosures, etc.
 Elasticity
The property of a material that
enables it to deform in response ti an
applied force and to recover its
original size and shape upon removal
of the force.
 Thermal Expansion
The change in length or volume which
a material or body undergoes while
being heated.
 Hardness
The resistance of a material to
deformation by compression or
indentation.
 Acid resistance property
The degree of which a surface such
as porcelain, enamel will resist attack
by acid.
 Workability
The ease with which a fresh
concrete can be molded or deformed.
 Weatherability
The property of a material that
enables it to retain its appearance
and integrity when exposed to sun,
wind, moisture and changes in
temperature.
 ductility
The property of a material described
as capable of being stretched or
deformed without fracturing.
 malleability
The property of a metal that permits
mechanical deformation by extrusion,
forging, rolling, etc. without
fracturing.
 Sound absorption
Aproperty possessed by materials or
objects of absorbing sound energy.
 Abrasion resistance property
The property of a material that
enables it to resist being worn away
by friction when rubbed with another
object.
 Hearthwood
The central core of the log which is
composed of inactive cells.
 slab
A kind of rough lumber which is cut
tangent to the annual rings of the
wood, running full length of the log.
 serviculture
The process of growing timber crops
of the better and more valuable
species through scientific forestry.
 Particle board
Anon-veneered wood panel product
made by bonding small wood particles
under heat and pressure.
 plywood
A wood panel product made by
bonding veneers together under heat
and pressure, usually at right angles
to each other.
 lumber
The term applied to wood after is is
sawed or sliced into boards, planks,
slabs, etc. used for commercial
purposes.
 Straight grained
A type of grain where the direction
of the wood fibers are nearly parallel
with the sides and edges of the
board.
 wood
The tough, fibrous cellular substance
that makes up most of the stem and
branches of trees beneath the bark.
 endogenous
These are inside growing trees.
These kind of trees are preferred
for lumbering because of the center
core, which is soft and brittle in
character.
 hardwood
Classifiedas deciduous trees that
have broad leaves which normally
shed during the cold season.
 checks
Adefect in wood which is
characterized by separation across
annual growth rings.
 twisting
Awarp resulting from the turning of
the edges of a wood piece.
 decay
Awood defect which is caused by
the attack of fungi and
microorganisms.
 Rough lumber
Aterm applied to undressed or
unplaned lumber.
 lumbering
The operation performed in
preparing wood for commercial
purposes.
 fiberboard
A building material made of wood or
other plant fibers compressed with a
binder into rigid sheets.
 waferboard
A non-veneered panel product
composed of large, thin, wood-flakes
bonded under heat and pressure with
a waterproof adhesive.
 Parallel strand lumber
A structural lumber product made by
bonding long, narrow wood strands
together under heat and pressure
using a waterproof adhesive; used as
beams and columns post and beam
construction.
 wane
Akind of wood defect which is
caused by chipping and drying at the
edge.
 Plank
A wide piece of lumber with
thickness ranging from 2”-5”.
 decking
A type of dimension lumber having a
width of 4” and wider.
 Dimension lumber
A classification of lumber and with
thickness of 2”-4” and a width of 2”.
 plank
A piece of lumber with thickness
ranging from 2”-5”.
 s2s
These are planed or dressed lumber
with two sides smooth or planed.
 exogenous
These are outward growing trees
which are most preferred for
lumbering.
 Cast iron
A hard brittle non-malleable iron
based alloy containing 2.0%-4.5%
carbon and 0.5%-3% silicon, cast in a
sand mold and machined to make
building products.
 Medium steel
A carbon steel containing 0.25%-
0.45% carbon.
 Ferrous metals
A metal containing iron as a principal
element.
 zinc
A ductile, crystalline, bluish white
metallic element, used for galvanizing
iron and steel and in making other
alloys.
 Stainless steel
An alloy containing a minimum of 12%
chromium, sometimes with nickel,
manganese, or molybdenum as
additional alloying element.
 lead
Alustrous, low-melting, bluish white
metallic element that is malleable and
ductile at ordinary temperatures and
used in plating and in making alloys
and soft solders.
 Pig iron
Crude iron that is drawn from a blast
furnace and cast into pigs in
preparation for conversion into cast
iron, wrought iron or steel.
 metals
Any class of elementary substances
as gold, silver or copper, all of which
are crystalline when solid and many of
which are characterized by opacity,
ductility, conductivity and a unique
luster when freshly fractured.
 Wrought iron
A tough malleable, relatively soft
iron that is readily forged and
welded, having a fibrous structure,
containing approximately 0.2% carbon
and a small amount of uniformly
distributed slag.
 Carbon steel
Ordinary unalloyed steel in which the
residual elements such as carbon,
manganese, phosphorous, sulfur and
silicon are controlled.
 marble
A metamorphic rock of crystallized
limestone, consisting mainly of calcite
and dolomite, used especially in
architecture and sculpture.
 granite
A very hard, coarse-grained igneous
rock, composed mainly of quartz,
feldspar and mica or other colored
minerals.
 Metamorphic rock
A class of rock that has undergone
change in structure, texture or
composition due to natural agencies,
as heat and pressure.
 oolite
A limestone composed of small,
round, calcerous grains resembling
fish roe. Also called egg stone.
 limestone
A sedimentary rock formed chiefly
by the accumulation of organic
remains, as shells and corals, and used
as a building stone in the manufacture
of lime.
 slate
A dense, fine-grained, metamorphic
rock formed by the compression of
various sediments, as clay and shale.
 dolomite
A limestone rich in magnesium and
carbonate.
 quartzite
A compact, granular metamorphic
rock consisting essentially of quartz,
derived from sandstone.
 soapstone
A massive, soft rock, containing a
high proportion of talc, used as
dimension stone for hearths,
tabletops and carved ornaments. Also
called steatite.
 Sedimentary rock
A class of rock formed by the
deposition of sediment, as limestone,
sandstone or shale.
 gneiss
A banded or foliated metamorphic
rock corresponding in composition to
granite.
 travertine
A variety of limestone deposited by
spring waters, especially hot springs,
sold as marble in the building trade.
 sandstone
A sedimentary rock consisting of
sand, usually quartz, cemented
together by various substances, as
silica, clay or calcium carbonate.
 Building stone
Any stone suitable for use in building
construction, as limestone, marble or
granite.
 Construction terms:
 Baral de kadena - chain bolt
 Larga masa - concrete slab
 Pie de gallo - brace
 Tirante - bottom chord
 Yiero lizo galbanizado - plain GI
 Plantilya - pattern
sheet
 De bandeha - panel door
 Biga - concrete beam
 Pierno pasante - machine bolt
 Tubo de banada - downspout
 Uno sinatra - alternate
 Hamba pintuan - door jamb
 Ladrillo - brick
 Kuatro aguas - hip roof
 Tabike - exterior siding
 Done! :)
Source: preliminary and final examinations 2002
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