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    Dot Scalar Product

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    clariza jane
    Vector

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    Dot Scalar Product

    Uploaded by

    clariza jane
    74 views25 pages
    Vector

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Vector

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    74 views25 pages

    Dot Scalar Product

    Uploaded by

    clariza jane
    Vector

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Vectors and Dot

    6.4 Products

    Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


    What You Should Learn
    • Find the dot product of two vectors and use the
    properties of the dot product.

    • Find the angle between two vectors and


    determine whether two vectors are orthogonal.

    • Write vectors as the sums of two vector


    components.

    2
    The Dot Product of Two Vectors

    3
    The Dot Product of Two Vectors
    So far you have studied two vector operations—vector
    addition and multiplication by a scalar—each of which
    yields another vector.

    In this section, you will study a third vector operation, the


    dot product. This product yields a scalar, rather than a
    vector.

    4
    The Dot Product of Two Vectors

    5
    Example 2 – Using Properties of Dot Products

    Let u = –1, 3, v = 2, –4, and w = 1, –2. Use the vectors
    and the properties of the dot product to find the indicated
    quantity.
    a. (u  v)w b. u  2v

    Solution:
    Begin by finding the dot product of u and v.
    u  v = –1, 3  2, –4
    = (–1)(2) + 3(–4)
    = –14

    6
    Example 2 – Solution cont’d

    a. (u  v)w = –141, –2

    = –14, 28

    b. u  2v = 2(u  v)

    = 2(–14)

    = –28

    7
    The Angle Between Two Vectors

    8
    The Angle Between Two Vectors
    The angle between two nonzero vectors is the angle ,
    0    , between their respective standard position
    vectors, as shown in Figure 6.36.

    Figure 6.36

    This angle can be found using the dot product. (Note that
    the angle between the zero vector and another vector is not
    defined.)
    9
    The Angle Between Two Vectors

    10
    Example 3 – Finding the Angle Between Two Vectors

    Find the angle between


    u = 4, 3 and v = 3, 5.

    Solution:

    11
    Example 3 – Solution cont’d

    This implies that the angle between the two vectors is

    as shown in Figure 6.37.

    Figure 6.37
    12
    The Angle Between Two Vectors

    The terms orthogonal and perpendicular mean essentially


    the same thing—meeting at right angles.

    Even though the angle between the zero vector and


    another vector is not defined, it is convenient to extend the
    definition of orthogonality to include the zero vector.

    In other words, the zero vector is orthogonal to every vector


    u because 0  u = 0.
    13
    Example 4 – Determining Orthogonal Vectors

    Are the vectors

    u = 2, –3 and v = 6, 4

    orthogonal?

    Solution:
    Begin by finding the dot product of the two vectors.

    u  v = 2, –3  6, 4

    = 2(6) + (–3)(4)

    =0
    14
    Example 4 – Solution cont’d

    Because the dot product is 0, the two vectors are


    orthogonal, as shown in Figure 6.39.

    Figure 6.39

    15
    Finding Vector Components

    16
    Finding Vector Components
    You have already seen applications in which two vectors
    are added to produce a resultant vector. Many applications
    in physics and engineering pose the reverse problem—
    decomposing a given vector into the sum of two
    vector components.

    Consider a boat on an inclined


    ramp, as shown in Figure 6.40.

    The force F due to gravity pulls


    the boat down the ramp and
    against the ramp.
    Figure 6.40
    17
    Finding Vector Components
    These two orthogonal forces, w1 and w2, are vector
    components of F. That is,

    F = w 1 + w 2. Vector components of F

    The negative of component w1 represents the force needed


    to keep the boat from rolling down the ramp, and w2
    represents the force that the tires must withstand against
    the ramp.

    18
    Finding Vector Components
    A procedure for finding w1 and w2 is shown below.

    19
    Finding Vector Components

     is acute.  is obtuse.

    Figure 6.41

    20
    Finding Vector Components
    From the definition of vector components, you can see that
    it is easy to find the component w2 once you have found the
    projection of u onto v. To find the projection, you can use
    the dot product, as follows.

    u = w1 + w2
    u = cv + w2 w1 is a scalar multiple of v.

    u  v = (cv + w2)  v Take dot product of each side with v.

    u  v = cv  v + w2  v

    u  v = c||v||2 + 0 w2 and v are orthogonal.

    21
    Finding Vector Components
    So,

    and

    22
    Example 5 – Decomposing a Vector into Components

    Find the projection of

    u = 3, –5 onto v = 6, 2.

    Then write u as the sum of two orthogonal vectors, one of


    which is .

    23
    Example 5 – Solution
    The projection of onto is

    as shown in Figure 6.42.

    Figure 6.42 24
    Example 5 – Solution cont’d

    The other component, w2, is

    So,
    u = w1 + w2

    = 3, –5

    25

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