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    Pre Colonial

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    Sofia Tulabing
    The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the contemporary period. It discusses that pre-colonial literature was passed down orally and included folktales, legends, and epics. During the Spanish colonial period, literature was influenced by Christianity and included poems, novels, and propaganda works. The American period saw the rise of literature in English, including poems, short stories, and novels. During the Japanese occupation, publications were censored and literature shifted primarily to Tagalog. Postwar literature reflected on experiences under colonial rule and contemporary issues.

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    Pre Colonial

    Uploaded by

    Sofia Tulabing
    572 views37 pages
    The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the contemporary period. It discusses that pre-colonial literature was passed down orally and included folktales, legends, and epics. During the Spanish colonial period, literature was influenced by Christianity and included poems, novels, and propaganda works. The American period saw the rise of literature in English, including poems, short stories, and novels. During the Japanese occupation, publications were censored and literature shifted primarily to Tagalog. Postwar literature reflected on experiences under colonial rule and contemporary issues.

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    21st century literature

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    The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the contemporary period. It discusses that pre-colonial literature was passed down orally and included folktales, legends, and epics. During the Spanish colonial period, literature was influenced by Christianity and included poems, novels, and propaganda works. The American period saw the rise of literature in English, including poems, short stories, and novels. During the Japanese occupation, publications were censored and literature shifted primarily to Tagalog. Postwar literature reflected on experiences under colonial rule and contemporary issues.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    572 views37 pages

    Pre Colonial

    Uploaded by

    Sofia Tulabing
    The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial times to the contemporary period. It discusses that pre-colonial literature was passed down orally and included folktales, legends, and epics. During the Spanish colonial period, literature was influenced by Christianity and included poems, novels, and propaganda works. The American period saw the rise of literature in English, including poems, short stories, and novels. During the Japanese occupation, publications were censored and literature shifted primarily to Tagalog. Postwar literature reflected on experiences under colonial rule and contemporary issues.

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    Various Dimensions of

    Philippine Literary History from


    Pre-colonial to Contemporary
    Philippine Literature during the Pre-
    colonial Period

    • The pre-colonial literature includes all


    literature produced before the Spanish
    colonization like chants, proverbs, songs, and
    folk narratives. These were all passed down
    from generation to generation by word of
    mouth.
    Philippine Literature during the Pre-
    colonial Period

    • Philippine folk narratives are varied and


    distinct. They depict the people’s livelihood,
    customs, and traditions.
    1. Folktale – This is a characteristically anonymous,
    timeless, and placeless tale circulated orally among a
    people.
    2. Fable – This features animal characters or inanimate
    objects that behave like people.
    3. Legend – This is presented as history but is unlikely
    to be true.
    4. Myth – This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a
    natural phenomenon.
    5. Epic – This narrative poem celebrates the adventures
    and achievements of a hero.
    Philippine Literature during the Pre-
    colonial Period
    • Folktales
    • Folktales about Juan are very popular. Some emphasize
    certain virtues, and some serve as warning about behavior.
    Also, some are for the reader’s amusement.
    • Example 1:
    • Juan Gathers Guavas (A Tagalog Folktale)

    • One day several neighbors came to Juan’s home to visit. His father wanted to give the guests
    something to eat, so he sent Juan to get some ripe guavas for them.
    • Full of mischief, Juan decided to play a joke on his father’s guests. He went to get the guavas
    and ate all of them while thinking of a good joke. Then he saw a wasp’s nest hung nearby. With
    some difficulty he managed to take it down and put it into a tight basket. He hastened home
    and gave the basket to his father. Quickly he left the room where the guests were and closed
    the door and fastened it.
    • As soon as Juan’s father opened the basket, the wasps flew over the room. With the door
    locked, the people fought to get out of the windows. After a while Juan opened the door. When
    he saw the swollen faces of the people, he cried.
    • “What fine, rich guavas you must have had! They have made you all so fat!”
    Spanish Colonial Period
    (1521–1898)
    • What literary works were published
    during the Spanish occupation of
    the Philippines?
    What do those works reflect about
    the life of Filipinos during this
    period in history?
    • Expeditions to the Philippines
    were sent by Spain in the 16th
    century. In their conquest, the
    Spaniards brought Christianity
    with them. The clergy made a
    great impact on faith,
    education, and government.
    • Through the Manila-Acapulco trade (1565–
    1815), liberal ideas entered the country. Also,
    the trade gave rise to a wealthier middle class.
    Children in middle class families could then be
    sent to Europe to get an education. Upon their
    return, they brought European ideals of liberty
    and freedom with them. Such ideals would
    then give rise to Filipino nationalism.
    Philippine Literature during the Spanish
    Occupation

    • The Spanish missionaries taught the gospel


    through the native language, so they hired
    natives to translate Spanish religious
    instructional materials. Eventually, the natives
    became fluent in Spanish and became known
    as ladinos.
    • Native literature continued. Though the
    Spaniards destroyed the written literature
    in their effort to replace it with their own,
    the oral tradition survived and flourished
    in areas beyond the reach of the
    Spaniards.
    Famous Writers during the Spanish Period
    • Francisco Baltazar (1788-1862), the master of
    traditional Tagalog poetry, became well-known for
    his work Florante at Laura (1838–1861), the most
    famous metrical romance of the country.
    • Pedro Paterno (1857–1911) wrote Sampaguitas y
    poesias varias (1880), the first poetry collection in
    Spanish by a Filipino; and the novel in
    Spanish Ninay (1885), considered to be the first
    Filipino novel.
    Famous Writers during the Spanish Period
    • Jose Rizal (1861–1896), a prominent ilustrado and the
    country’s national hero, is famous for the novels Noli Me
    Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These novels portray the
    corruption and abuse of the Spanish officials and the clergy.
    • Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897), the founder of the
    Katipunan, wrote the poem “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.”
    This poem appeared in the Kalayaan, the official newspaper
    of the Katipunan, in March 1896.
    • Leona Florentino (1849–1884), known as the “mother of
    Philippine women’s literature,” was a poet in both Ilocano
    and Spanish. Twenty of her poems were preserved and
    exhibited in Europe. The poems were included in the
    Encyclopedia International des Oeuvres des Femme in 1889.
    • Philippine Literature during the Spanish occupation was
    mostly influenced by Christianity as well as the European
    ideals of liberty and freedom through trade. Filipino writers
    either wrote in Spanish or in their own tongue or both.
    The American Occupation
    • Who wrote during the American and
    Japanese Periods?
    What kind of literary forms did they
    produce?
    What were the usual themes in their
    works?
    • (1898–1940)
    • The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public
    education was introduced. Also, English was the medium of
    instruction.
    • In 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the
    Philippines a commonwealth. On May 14, 1935 Manuel L.
    Quezon was elected president.
    • Literary Works Produced
    • The production of literary works in English is the direct
    result of the American colonization of the Philippines. The
    first collection of poetry in English is Filipino Poetry (1924),
    edited by Rodolfo Dato. The short story “Dead Stars” (1925)
    by Paz Marquez Benitez is considered as the first Filipino
    modern short story in English. A Child of Sorrow (1921) by
    Zoilo M. Galang is the first Filipino novel in English. The
    novel His Native Soil (1940) by Juan C. Laya won first prize
    in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940.
    • Filipino writers in English during the apprenticeship period
    (1900–1930) imitated American writing. The poet Fernando
    Maramag writes in the Romantic tradition in his sonnet
    “Moonlight on Manila Bay” (1912). Filipino fictionists copied
    Sherwood Anderson, William Saroyan, and Ernest
    Hemingway. Jose Garcia Villa used the Anderson pattern.
    Manuel Arguilla and N. V. M. Gonzalez were influenced by
    Anderson and Hemingway. Francisco Arcellana was
    influenced by Saroyan.
    The Japanese Occupation
    • (1941–1945)
    • On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila.
    • On January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a Council
    of State in the country and started propaganda to remold the Filipinos.
    • In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines “independent.”
    On September 20, Jose P. Laurel was elected president.
    • MacArthur and his Allied forces returned to the country in 1944. They
    landed on Leyte on October 20, and the biggest naval battle in history
    ensued.
    • The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945.
    • Literary Works Produced
    • During the occupation, publications were censored
    by the military. Also, Tagalog was declared an official
    language (together with Nihonggo). In effect,
    Philippine literature in English came to a halt. Some
    Filipino writers then turned to writing in Filipino.
    • The Tagalog short story reached its maturity during
    the period. The best works were compiled by
    the Liwayway magazine editors in Ang
    Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino ng 1943,
    which came out in 1944. It is a collection of stories
    that won a contest sponsored by the Japanese. The
    top four stories were “Lupang Tinubuan” by Narciso
    G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” by Liwayway
    Arceo, “Nayon at Dagat-dagatan” by N. V. M.
    Gonzalez, and “Suyuan sa Tubigan” by Macario
    Pineda.
    Postwar
    and
    Contemporary Literature
    • Postwar and contemporary literature include all literary
    works written and published in the Philippines from 1946.
    • After World War II, the Philippines had to deal with the
    economy and the need for rehabilitation and reconstruction
    of infrastructures. There was political, economic, and social
    confusion, as well as great poverty, and these issues found
    their way into the short stories and novels during that time.
    • During the postwar period, Filipino writers got their
    inspiration from American teachers and were able to learn
    their techniques, which also helped in mastering the English
    language.
    • Writers wrote fiction that focused on courageous deeds as
    well as the sacrifices and suffering in the lives of Filipinos. It
    was also common for writers to write about the experiences
    of the Filipino people under the Spanish and American rule
    and the Japanese Occupation.
    Other subjects and themes include:

    • religious faith
    • superstitions
    • fantasy
    • social problems
    • poverty
    • politics
    • nationalism
    • morality
    • Literary Works
    • Philippine literature flourished even more during the postwar and
    contemporary period. Writers were able to produce short stories,
    novels, essays, and poems that continue to be read by Filipinos today.
    • Examples:
    • Some works written in the postwar and contemporary period are:
    • May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin, 1947
    Waywaya by F. Sionil Jose, 1983
    We Filipinos Are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro Roces, 1948
    The Return by Edith L. Tiempo
    History and Philippine Culture by Horacio de la Costa, 1965
    Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana, 1947
    • Nick Joaquin, a National Artist for Literature awardee,
    wrote articles under the name of Quijano de Manila. His
    short story "May Day Eve," published in 1947, is about love
    in a patriarchal society. It also made use of magic realism.
    • F. Sionil Jose, one of the most widely read Filipino writers
    in English, wrote the short story "Waywaya," which is about
    pre-Hispanic society and the people’s struggle for moral
    order.
    • Alejandro Roces, a Filipino author, essayist, and
    dramatist, wrote the short story "We Filipinos Are Mild
    Drinkers." This story focuses on the drinking habits and
    culture of Filipinos and Americans.
    • Edith L. Tiempo's poem "The Return" is a sentimental
    piece that talks about life in old age.
    • Horacio de la Costa wrote the essay "History and
    Philippine Culture," which emphasizes the importance of
    understanding and presenting a nation’s culture.
    • Stevan Javellana wrote the first postwar Filipino novel in
    English, Without Seeing the Dawn. This novel narrates what
    people experienced during World War II under the Japanese
    rule in the Philippines.
    To be able to fully appreciate
    literature in the Philippines, as
    a reader and a critic, you must
    also be aware of the country’s
    history, culture, society, and
    psyche (human spirit).

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