UNIT 2: Telecommunication in ITS

Padam Vijayvergiya
 Unit 2 Telecommunications in ITS

1.1 Importance of telecommunications in the ITS

system

1.2 Information Management

1.3 Traffic Management Centres (TMC)

1.4 Vehicle – Road side communication – Vehicle

Positioning System
An intelligent traffic management system
enables users to be better informed and to
make safer, more coordinated, efficient and
smarter use of transport networks.

In ITMS, communication and information

technologies are applied in the field of
road transport, road infrastructure, vehicles,
users and traffic management.
Q. What is Telecommunication Technologies?
1. Cellular wireless
2. Wireless application protocol (WAP)
3. Copper wireline communications
4. Fibre-Optic Communications
Cellular wireless

Cellular network is an underlying technology for

mobile phones, personal communication
systems, wireless networking etc.

The technology is developed for mobile radio

telephone to replace high power
transmitter/receiver systems.

Cellular networks use lower power, shorter

range and more transmitters for data
transmission.
Cellular wireless

Wireless Cellular Systems solves the problem

of spectral congestion and increases user
capacity.
Wireless application protocol (WAP)

WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) is a

specification for a set of communication protocols
to standardize the way that wireless devices, such
as cellular phones and radio transceivers, can be
used for Internet access, including e-mail, the
World Wide Web, newsgroups, and instant
messaging.
Copper wire-line communications

It is also called plain old telephone system

include the ubiquitous telephone system such
as digital subscriber lane, Integrated services
digital network and telephone interface.

In this system, a single copper wire, or a

combination of copper wires is used to
transfer maximum amount of data from
origination to destination.
Copper wireline communications

For ITS, the potential applications include the

transmission of sensor data from the
Transportation network to a central
processing facility and from the facility to
static information delivery devices, such as
Internet terminals, kiosks, dynamics message
signs, and smart bus stops.
Fibre-Optic Communications

Fiber-optic communication is a method of

transmitting information from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through
an optical fiber. The light forms an
electromagnetic carrier wave that is
modulated to carry information.
Telecommunication is the science and
technology of the communication of messages
over a distance using electric, electronic or
electromagnetic impulses.

while

communication is exchanging data or

information between entities.
Telecommunication is an important tool for
businesses.

It enables companies to communicate effectively

with customers and deliver high standards of
customer service. Telecommunication is also a key
element in teamwork, allowing employees to
collaborate easily from wherever they are located.
Mobile telecommunication gives companies the
opportunity to introduce more flexible working by
allowing employees to work efficiently from home.

The introduction of smartphones gives employees

new levels of productivity and capability on the
move.
 Telecommunications are an essential part of Road
Network Operations and Intelligent Transport
Systems.

 Over the past 40 years they have been developed

piecemeal to support network operations – for
example by linking control centres with roadside
devices such as telephones, CCTV cameras, Variable
Message Signs (VMS) and traffic signals.
 Today digital communications dominate the
transmission of voice, video and data signals. Digital
technology is inherently more reliable, flexible and
manageable compared with previous generations of
communications technology.
 Digital communications enable the development and
operation of modern traffic management technology
and the latest ITS applications – including connected
vehicles and Active Traffic Management.

 CCTV is used increasingly and digital transmission of

video images is possible over distances without the
image being degraded.
 Telecommunications networks resemble the nervous
system in a human body.

 Specifically, the communications networks tie the

different components of ITS together, allowing for a
truly integrated system.
 For example, they provide a data link from the field
devices (detection technologies, Dynamic Message
Signs, signal controllers) to traffic operations centres
– where the collected data is fused, analysed and
acted upon.

 This is illustrated in the diagram below.

 Telecommunications are also needed to carry
instructions and commands from control centres back
to field devices for traffic control purposes.

 They are also the means for infrastructure operators

(controllers) relaying information to travellers and
stakeholders.
 An ITS system will not function without an
appropriately designed communications network that
has adequate bandwidth and is capable of delivering
an adequate level of service (in terms of message
delivery, latency and drop-out rates).
 Decisions on the appropriate communication
technology, the appropriate network topology and
other communications design issues have to be made
carefully.

 This is because the cost of the communication

network typically constitutes a major component of
the cost of a specific ITS system. In some cases,
where a cable and transmission equipment
infrastructure needs to be installed, it can be up to
50%.
 There are a number of options for ITS professionals.
Traffic operators need to decide how best to meet
telecommunication needs and what they are capable
of doing.

 Broadly speaking, the technologies can be divided

into wired communications and wireless
communications. The choice for roadside
installations is often a trade-off between cost and
functional capability.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

The telecommunications network to

support ITS needs to be carefully designed. A
common architecture for such networks is known as
a hierarchical or layered architecture, which
exhibits many similarities to the hierarchical
system of road networks themselves.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ARCHITECTURE

Specifically, telecommunications networks may be

regarded as consisting of four layers:

1) backbone
2) backhaul
3) distribution
4) access
 Using highways as an analogy for
telecommunications, the backbone layer is similar to
the inter-state / inter-urban strategic roads.

 It enables moving (hauling) large amounts of data

between a limited number of fixed distribution
points. As with road networks, the different layers of
a communication network are interconnected.

 Fibre optics cables are commonly used for this layer.

 The function of the backhaul layer is to move (haul)
large amounts of data (which still requires large
bandwidth) from the backbone network to the Traffic
Control Centre.

 It is often off the highway/road network – and can be

provided by a service provider such as a
telecommunications company (TelCo).
 The distribution layer resembles the system of
arterial roads in a road network.

 This layer typically does not handle large volumes of

data. Its main purpose is to provide multiple points
of presence to enhance accessibility.

 Finally, the access layer resembles a residential or

local street network or the lead/cable which
connects TV to the aerial socket – that provides local
cabling to access different devices on the network.
LEASED COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

 Another option for transport agencies is to lease

wired communications services from a
telecommunications company. In earlier years of ITS,
some ITS applications (urban control systems) used
leased telephone lines – their limitation is the very
low bandwidth provided by telephone lines.

 Today it is becoming increasingly cost effective to

use WiFi to replace leased telephone circuits,
particularly in urban areas – or as an alternative to
costly new cable networks for inter-urban roads
when bandwidth requirements are modest.
More recently, new technologies have been developed
to help improve the speed of communications on
local telephone networks.

 In particular, Digital subscriber line (DSL) – which

uses higher frequency bands for data – can offer
speeds of up to 40 Mbits/second. Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of digital subscriber
line (DSL) technology that enables faster data
transmission over copper telephone lines.
 Another technology is cable internet which uses
cable television networks in much the same way as
DSL uses telephone lines. Cable Internet could have
speeds of up to 400 Mbits/second – and so can
support most ITS applications that have demanding
bandwidth requirements.
 It is often more cost effective to lease dark fibres
from a telecommunications operator or buy-in a
service rather than install a dedicated system.

 Leased Communication Systems in ITS are widely

used for urban traffic control systems and to provide
the backhaul for connecting TMCs to the field
communications on a motorway.

 There are two reasons for this:

 urban traffic control systems typically have very
modest bandwidth requirements

 communication or telephone infrastructure is widely

available in urban areas

 Leased communications also provides a means for

satisfying the communications needs of
rural ITS applications where the installation of new
communication lines may be too expensive.
 Unit 2 Telecommunications in ITS

1.1 Importance of telecommunications in the ITS

system

1.2 Information Management

1.3 Traffic Management Centres (TMC)

1.4 Vehicle – Road side communication – Vehicle

Positioning System
A pre-requisite for Road Network Operations is the
collection of accurate data that defines the status of
road network, the traffic conditions that prevail and
information about roadway conditions and the
immediate environment.
Data on traffic and weather conditions, incidents and
other road and highway status alerts is used to
provide intelligence for network operations
activities, traffic control and information systems.
This process of gathering data is called network
monitoring, and can be undertaken by using a variety
of means or a combination of them:
 Automatic Incident Detection (AID)
 traffic flow and speed sensors
 probe vehicles
 driver reports on mobile phones
 monitoring social networks (crowd sourcing)
 closed circuit television (CCTV)
 information provided by other parties such as
vehicle fleet operators, road maintenance teams
or the emergency services
 The extent and reliability of monitoring directly
affects the amount of information available to plan
operational activities and, in turn, the degree of
management and control that is possible.

It also determines the quality of information that is

available to travellers and road users.

THE NETWORK INFORMATION SUPPLY CHAIN

 A number of steps are involved in the organisation of

data processing and information supply. Together
they form an information supply chain.
DATA ACQUISITION

First step is to acquire data about the status of the

road network and the traffic using it, as well as
other transport modes that connect with it. This
data can come from a wide variety of sources
including probe vehicles and roadway sensors such
as inductive loops and microwave sensors, Closed
Circuit TV (CCTV), webcams, video image
processing, toll tag readers.
It can be augmented with other information
gathered from crowd sourcing and journalistic
sources. Data mining techniques are applied to
historical data to gain further insight into traffic
operations and to provide predictive information on
network conditions.
 DATA PROCESSING

 Once the data is collected, the next step is to

process it in ways that will yield useful information.
This covers a number of basic functions:
 proper formatting of the data
 cleaning-up data that is unreliable or irrelevant
 adding an appropriate time stamp and location
referencing
 coding, using data dictionaries, that ensure that the
data can be made available for data processing
 data fusion, involving the integration of data from
different sources
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
 The third step relates to the data analysis. This
requires an appreciation of contextual relevance,
processing of content to produce information
according to user needs and preferences – including
formatting the data for service. Data needs to cover
the geographical area of interest and be checked for
timeliness. Key issues are:
 data exchange between the different systems and
applications
 quality control to check the data is collected and
processed accurately
 To provide predictive information, various time series
analysis, data mining, mathematical modelling and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods are used
 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

 Various methods are used to disseminate the data

that has been collected, processed and analysed. A
variety of transmission media are available.

 For example, incident warnings and travel

information is provided via many dissemination
media, including data subscription services, travel
news broadcasts, Highway Advisory Radio (HAR),
roadside Variable Message Signs (VMS), internet
websites and social media such as Facebook and
Twitter. The security and integrity of transmission
needs to be checked and maintained at all times.
 END-USER INTERFACES

 Information needs to be presented appropriately in

response to user needs and the context of use. Good
design of the user interface is essential. In traffic
control centres, data may be displayed
alongside CCTV camera images on a video wall or on-
screen at operators’ work stations. Other
stakeholders and the travelling public will use a
range of devices to access information – such as
desktop, laptop and tablet computers, mobile
devices and smartphones, in-vehicle displays, public
information points and kiosks.
 SUPPLY AND OWNERSHIP ISSUES

 Issues may arise related to data ownership and

intellectual property in respect to the use of public
sector data versus commercial and proprietary data,
information branding, value-capture, revenue and
payment.
 Unit 2 Telecommunications in ITS

1.1 Importance of telecommunications in the ITS

system

1.2 Information Management

1.3 Traffic Management Centres (TMC)

1.4 Vehicle – Road side communication – Vehicle

Positioning System
What is TMC?

A. “A Traffic Management Center (TMC) is the hub

of a transportation management system,
where information is collected and combined with
other operational andcontrol data
to manage the transportation network” (ITS
Decision).
Use of standards in Project implementation

1. Developing a common data model

2. Establishing communications standards
3. General communication technologies
1. Developing a Common Data Model
ITS applications are dependent on the availability
and use of many types of data, including traffic,
transport, weather and other information.
The data is often created by many organisations and
without a common uniformity.
1. Developing a Common Data Model

Therefore, it would be important to establish

uniformity in data formats to make the information
consistent among vause ISO standards or use the
XML rious systems. One approach is to (Extensible
Mark-up Language), which has become a standard in
IT for information exchange, especially in the
Internet domain.
 1. Developing a Common Data Model

There is no common standard for data exchange used

in India by traffic agencies and transit operators.
Traffic agencies and transit operators in India are
currently using data exchange protocols provided by
their respective systems integrators.
Developing a Common Data Model
The National Transportation Communications for
ITS Protocol (NTCIP) is widely used in USA as a
communications standard to ensure
interchangeability and interoperability of
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) devices including
traffic signal controllers.
Similarly, in the United Kingdom, Urban Traffic
Management Control (UTMC) is used as a standard
for communicating and sharing of information by
ITS and traffic systems such as traffic signals,
cameras, and Variable Messaging Signs (VMS).
 Developing a Common Data Model
In respect of transit information dissemination,
General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) is one of
the exchange protocols that has been popularised by
Google and has been used by many transit operators
in India and internationally for disseminating transit
schedule and operational details to general public on
Google Maps.
In India, Bangalore Metropolitan Transport
Corporation (BMTC), Namma Metro, Bengaluru and
Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC), Chennai
have used GTFS for disseminating their transit
schedule through Google Maps.
Communications Standards

Communications standards include both the data

dictionaries, message set specification and the
protocols using which the packages of information is
transmitted and received.

Data dictionaries are an organised collection of data

elements, which describe the meaning, format and
the use of the data elements. Defining these
elements will be extremely important in establishing
a standard protocol of information exchange.
Communications Technologies

Using standardised communication technologies can

benefit ITS deployment and ease of use. Almost all
ITS applications can use existing communication
infrastructure (e.g. mobile radio services,
conventional and cellular telephones, internet, FM
subcarriers, digital audio broadcast, etc.).
Communications Technologies
Many traffic information service operations through
the internet and cellular telephone technology is
often used for communication between centres and
field equipment. Initial capital costs, as well as on-
going operational costs for leased
telecommunication systems must be evaluated
during the Systems Engineering process to address
the life-cycle needs of the project.
 Developing a Common Data Model

In the UK, TransXChange is used as nationwide

standard for exchanging bus schedules and related
data. JourneyWeb (UK) is the protocol used for
Journey Planners to communicate.

Network Exchange (NeTEx) and Service Interface for

Real Time Information (SIRI) (Europe) and GTFS (USA
and many other countries) are other standards used
internationally.
 Developing a Common Data Model
Open511.org has also developed the specification for
sharing road events and traffic related data in open
format.

It has been done in collaboration with Metropolitan

Transportation Commission; Canada, Ministry of
Transportation of British Columbia; and Canada,
Open North, Canada. Any other organisation can start
implementing Open511 specification but it should be
done in collaboration with MTC and Open North since
some minor changes could still occur.
Predictive and real-time information about traffic
conditions and travel times contributes strongly to
the improvement of traffic efficiency.

It enables road operators to understand how well the

road network is operating, and enables the timely
detection of incidents.
For example, a TCC may wish to measure the
performance of its road network to provide tangible
evidence that the methods to reduce congestion and
improve the consistency of journey times are having
a positive effect.

Visualisation of the state of the road network at the

TCC, interpreted from a network of static and mobile
detectors, is critical.
Traffic and network status monitoring activity involves:

 defining the information needs of the Traffic Control

Centre (TCC) and other stakeholders – consistent
with the definition of their roles and aligned with any
traffic management plans that may be in use

 harmonising the structure of traffic information

(including content and quality requirements) to
enable its manipulation, presentation -
 - transfer to other parties via a variety of
communication channels providing the means to
visualise traffic and network status through computer
graphics, information resources and other services to
the TCC operators.

 This needs to cover the current and forecast state of

the road network at any time – in particular to
support early incident detection and efficient
incident management
 optionally, providing information on the status and
condition of the vehicle detection and traffic
monitoring infrastructure (including
the CCTV network) – including system availability,
data quality and the data management processes

Effective traffic and road network status monitoring

depends on a combination of static detectors, Closed
Circuit Television Cameras (CCTV) and ad-hoc reports
of unplanned incidents.
 Ad-hoc sources include the police, road authorities,
vehicle breakdown organisations and public transport
operators.
The TCC will use the data to monitor traffic, manage
incidents and monitor weather and road surface
conditions.
CCTV cameras have traditionally been a source of
real-time traffic information and the means for
Traffic Control Centre (TCC) operators to validate
reported incidents. The operator also needs to be
presented with a general view of the road network
which draws attention to information relevant to the
operator’s task.
This could include traffic flow, occupancy, queue
length, equipment status and messages that are
presented to road users by Highway Advisory Radio
(HAR) and Variable Message Signs (VMS). The public
sector or third parties are generally responsible for
data collection and its aggregation – whilst users of
the information will include the TCC operators, other
stakeholders and the general public - as shown in the
figure below
Traffic Management Centres (TMC) provides for the
allocation of traffic control and information
measures in response to a specific, pre-defined
traffic scenario – such as
 the management of peak holiday traffic or
 the closure of strategic route because of bad
weather,
 maintenance or a serious road accident.
 The objective is to anticipate the arrangements for
controlling and guiding traffic flows in real-time and
for informing road-users about the traffic situation in
a consistent and timely way.
A TMC will optimise the use of existing traffic
infrastructure capacity in response to a given
situation and provide a platform for a cross-regional
and cross-border seamless service that provides
consistent information for the road user.

The situations covered can be unforeseeable

(incidents, accidents) or predictable (recurrent or
non-recurrent events).

The measures are always applied on a temporary basis

– although “temporary” may be lengthy, such as a
construction or long-term maintenance activity.
 TMCs define and formalise:
 decision-making and coordination
 driver and traveller information
 Coordination of traffic management and road
information measures
 Purpose of this approach is to limit the effects of
events that can lead to serious deterioration of
traffic conditions and to enhance road safety.
 Objective is coordinated action by the various
authorities and services that participate in the
operation of the roadway.
TMCs can be developed for corridors and networks
with the aim of delivering effective traffic control,
route guidance and information measures to the road
user.

An improvement in overall performance is possible by

securing effective collaboration and coordination
between the organisations directly involved.

By strengthening cooperation and mutual

understanding a more integrated approach will be
achieved to the development, deployment and
quality control of traffic management measures.
 Unit 2 Telecommunications in ITS

1.1 Importance of telecommunications in the ITS

system

1.2 Information Management

1.3 Traffic Management Centres (TMC)

1.4 Vehicle – Road side communication – Vehicle

Positioning System
Q. What is Vehicular communication systems?

1. Vehicular communication systems are computer

networks in which vehicles and roadside units are the
communicating nodes, providing each other with
information, such as safety warnings and traffic
information.
2. They can be effective in avoiding accidents and traffic
congestion. Both types of nodes are dedicated short-
range communications (DSRC) devices.
3. DSRC works in 5.9 GHz band with bandwidth of 75 MHz
and approximate range of 300 m. Vehicular
communications is usually developed as a part
of intelligent transportation systems (ITS).
Q. What is dedicated short-range communications?

Dedicated short-range communications are one-way

or two-way short-range to medium-
range wireless communication channels specifically
designed for automotive use[1] and a corresponding
set of protocols and standards.
 Understanding DSRC

 Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) is an

open-source protocol for wireless communication,
similar in some respects to WiFi.

 While WiFi is used mainly for wireless Local Area

Networks, DSRC is intended for highly secure, high-
speed wireless communication between vehicles and
the infrastructure.
 The key functional attributes of DSRC are:

 Low latency: The delays involved in opening and

closing a connection are very short—on the order of
0.02 seconds.

 Limited interference: DSRC is very robust in the face

of radio interference. Also, its short range (~1000 m)
limits the chance of interference from distant
sources.
 Additionally, DSRC is protected by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) for transportation
applications.

 Although purely commercial convenience

applications are welcome, transportation safety
applications take precedence.

 Strong performance during adverse weather

conditions.
 In 2004, the FCC dedicated 75 MHz of bandwidth at
5.9 GHz to be used for vehicle safety and other
mobility applications.
 DSRC operates in this band, and has been developed
for over a decade by a range of stakeholders
including automakers, electronics manufacturers,
state highway departments, and the federal
government.
 Most work on DSRC has focused on active safety—
crash avoidance using driver alerts based on
sophisticated sensing and vehicle communications.
 A number of other DSRC applications have been
envisioned as well. For example:
 Transit signal priority
 Transit vehicle refueling management
 Personalized taxi dispatch services
 Integrated transportation financial transactions:
 Toll collection
 Parking payment
 Rental car payments and processing
 Enhanced truck roadside inspection
 Real time freight logistics
 Pedestrian safety at intersections
 Routing and scene management for emergency
services
 Advanced highway-rail and highway-transit grade
crossings
Q. What are the safety benefits of Vehicular
communication system?

1. The main motivation for vehicular communication

systems is safety and eliminating the excessive
cost of traffic collisions.

2. According to the World Health Organization

(WHO), road accidents annually cause
approximately 1.2 million deaths worldwide; one
fourth of all deaths caused by injury. Also about
50 million persons are injured in traffic accidents.
Q. What are the safety benefits of Vehicular
communication system?

3. If preventive measures are not taken road death is

likely to become the third-leading cause of death
in 2020 from ninth place in 1990.[2]

4. A study from the American Automobile

Association (AAA) concluded that car crashes cost
the United States $300 billion per year.[3] It can be
used for automated traffic intersection control.[1]
Q. What are the safety benefits of Vehicular
communication system?

5. However the deaths caused by car crashes are in

principle avoidable.

6. U.S. Department of Transportation states that

21,000 of the annual 43,000 road accident deaths
in the US are caused by roadway departures and
intersection-related incidents.
7. This number can be significantly lowered by
deploying local warning systems through
vehicular communications.
Q. What are the safety benefits of Vehicular
communication system?

8. Departing vehicles can inform other vehicles that

they intend to depart the highway and arriving cars
at intersections can send warning messages to other
cars traversing that intersection.

9. Studies show that in Western Europe a mere

5 km/h decrease in average vehicle speeds could
result in 25% decrease in deaths.
Q. What is Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)?

1. V2V (short for vehicle to vehicle; see also VANET)

is an automobile technology designed to allow
automobiles to "talk" to each other.

2. The systems will use a region of the 5.9 GHz band

set aside by the United States Congress in 1999,
the unlicensed frequency also used by WiFi.
Q. What is Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)?

3. V2V is also known as VANETs (vehicular ad hoc

networks). It is a variation of MANETs (mobile ad
hoc networks), with the emphasis being now the
node is the vehicular. In 2001,

4. it was mentioned in a publication[8] that ad hoc

networks can be formed by cars and such
networks can help overcome blind spots, avoid
accidents, etc.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have
emerged to utilize different technologies to enhance
the performance and quality of transportation
networks. Many applications of ITS need to have a
highly accurate location information from the
vehicles in a network.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most
common and accessible technique for vehicle
localization. However, conventional localization
techniques which mostly rely on GPS technology are
not able to provide reliable positioning accuracy in
all situations.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have
emerged to utilize different

Integrated localization algorithm that exploits all

possible data from different resources including GPS
radio-frequency identification

vehicle-to-vehicle

vehicle-to-infrastructure communications

dead reckoning
A localization algorithm is also introduced which only
utilizes those resources that are most useful when
several resources are available.

A close-to-real-world scenario has been developed to

evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms
under different situations.

Simulation results show that using the proposed

algorithms the vehicles can improve localization
accuracy significantly in situations when GPS is weak.
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?

The key technology Of Intelligent Transportation

is Vehicle positioning System, while the key of
which is positioning System.

Nowadays the most widely used positioning system is

the Global Positioning System of America (GPS),
which is a system consisting 24 satellites whose
searching area embrace the globe
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?

The present invention relates to a vehicular

positioning system which integrates a Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, an
inertial navigation system, and on-board vehicular
sensors.
Vehicular navigation and positioning is one of the
most important application areas for a GNSS such as
the Global Positioning System (GPS).
Existing GPS-based navigation systems can provide
metre level accuracy or better.
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?

It is possible to achieve centimeter level accuracies

by using carrier phase measurements in a double
difference approach whereby the integer ambiguities
are resolved correctly.

GPS provides long-term, accurate and absolute

positioning information

but which is subject to the blockage of line-of-sight

signals as well as signal interference or jamming.
Additionally, its measurement update rate is
relatively low, typically less than 20 Hz.
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?

This has led to the development of an integrated

system whereby GPS is complemented by an inertial
navigation system (INS).

INS is autonomous and non-jammable, and most

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data rates exceed
50 Hz and some may exceed 200 Hz.
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?

However, INS navigation quality degrades with time,

and its accuracy depends on the quality of INS
sensors.

High quality INS sensors which provide the necessary

accuracy may be far too expensive for routine
incorporation into vehicle manufacture.
Q. What is Vehicle Positioning System?
Many modern vehicles now come equipped with an
electronic stability control system,

which is an active safety system that uses sensors to

detect when a driver is about to lose control of the
vehicle and automatically intervenes to provide
stability

help the driver stay on the intended course,

especially in oversteering and understeering
situations.
Telematics

It is an interdisciplinary field that

encompasses telecommunications

vehicular technologies

for instance, road transportation, road safety,

electrical engineering (sensors,
instrumentation, wireless communications, etc.),
and computer science (multimedia, Internet, etc.).
Telematics
Telematics can involve any of the following:
1. the technology of sending, receiving and storing
information using telecommunication devices to
control remote objects
2. the integrated use
of telecommunications and informatics for
application in vehicles and to control vehicles on
the move
3. global navigation satellite system technology
integrated with computers and mobile
communications technology in automotive
navigation systems
4. (most narrowly) the use of such systems
within road vehicles, also called vehicle
telematics
 Vehicle Telematics —

 The convergence of telecommunications and

information processing, the term later evolved to
refer to automation in automobiles, such as the
invention of the emergency warning system for
vehicles.

 GPS navigation, integrated hands-free cell phones,

wireless safety communications and automatic
driving assistance systems all are covered under the
telematics umbrella.
 Vehicle Telematics —

 Science of telecommunications and

informatics applied in wireless technologies.

 Computational systems. 802.11p, the IEEE standard

in the 802.11 family and also referred to as Wireless
Access for the Vehicular Environment (WAVE), is the
primary standard that addresses and
enhances Intelligent Transportation System.
Typically, the system utilizes on-board vehicle
sensors.

such as wheel speed sensors, a yaw rate sensor,

longitudinal and latitudinal G sensors
(accelerometers) as well as a steering angle sensor.

These sensors provide information about velocity,

accelerations, yaw rate as well as the steering angle
of the vehicle.
 Practical applications of vehicle telematics
 Vehicle tracking
 Vehicle tracking is monitoring the location,
movements, status and behaviour of a vehicle or
fleet of vehicles.

 This is achieved through a combination of

a GPS (GNSS) receiver and an electronic device
(usually comprising a GSM GPRS modem
or SMS sender) installed in each vehicle
 communicating with the user (dispatching,
emergency or co-ordinating unit) and PC-based or
web-based software.
 Practical applications of vehicle telematics
 Vehicle tracking
 The data is turned into information by management
reporting tools in conjunction with a visual display on
computerised mapping software.

 Vehicle tracking systems may also use odometry

or dead reckoning as an alternative or
complementary means of navigation.
 GPS tracking is usually accurate to around 10–20
metres, but the European Space Agency has
developed the EGNOS technology to provide accuracy
to 1.5 metres.
Practical applications of vehicle telematics
Trailer tracking

1. Trailer tracking is tracking the movements and

position of an articulated vehicle's trailer unit,
through the use of a location unit fitted to the trailer
and

a method of returning the position data via mobile

communication network, IOT (Internet of things) or
geostationary satellite communications, for use
through either PC- or web-based software.
Practical applications of vehicle telematics
Trailer tracking

2. Trailer tracking is tracking the movements and

position of Cold-store freight trailers that deliver
fresh or frozen foods are increasingly incorporating
telematics to gather time-series data on the
temperature inside the cargo container, both
to trigger alarms and record an audit trail for
business purposes.
An increasingly sophisticated array of sensors, many
incorporating RFID technology, is being used to
ensure the cold chain.
 Practical applications of vehicle telematics
Container tracking

 Freight containers can be tracked by GPS using a

similar approach to that used for trailer tracking i.e.
a battery-powered GPS device communicating its
position via mobile phone or satellite
communications.

 Benefits of this approach include increased security

and the possibility to reschedule the container
transport movements based on accurate information
about its location.
 Practical applications of vehicle telematics

 According to Berg Insight the installed base of

tracking units in the intermodal shipping container
segment reached 190,000 at the end of 2013.

 Growing at a compound annual growth rate of 38.2

percent, the installed base will reach 960,000 units
at the end of 2018.
 Fleet management

 Fleet management is the management of a

company's fleet. Fleet management includes the
management of ships and or motor vehicles such as
cars, vans and trucks.

 Fleet (vehicle) Management can include a range of

functions, such as vehicle financing, vehicle
maintenance, vehicle telematics (tracking and
diagnostics), driver management, fuel management,
health and safety management and dynamic vehicle
scheduling.
 Fleet management
 Fleet Management is a function which allows
companies that rely on transportation in their
business to remove or minimize the risks associated
with vehicle investment, improving efficiency,
productivity and reducing their overall transportation
costs, providing 100% compliance with government
legislation and Duty of Care obligations.

 These functions can either be dealt with by an in-

house Fleet Management department or an
outsourced Fleet Management provider.
 Mobile data

 Mobile data is the use of wireless data

communications using radio waves to send and
receive real time computer data to, from and
between devices used by field based personnel.
 These devices can be fitted solely for use while in
the vehicle (Fixed Data Terminal) or for use in and
out of the vehicle (Mobile Data Terminal).
 The common methods for mobile data
communication for telematics was based on private
vendors RF communication infrastructure.
 Mobile data

 During the early 2000, manufacturers of mobile data

terminals/AVL devices, moved to try cellular data
communication in order to offer cheaper ways to
transmit telematics information and wider range
based on the country full coverage of cellular
providers.
 Ever since then, thanks to the cellular providers that
offered low GPRS (2.5G) and later UMTS (3G) rates,
mobile data is almost totally offered to telematics
customers by cellular communication.
 Wireless vehicle safety communications

 Wireless vehicle safety communications telematics

aid in car safety and road safety.

 It is an electronic sub-system in a car or other

vehicle for the purpose of exchanging safety
information

 about such things as road hazards and the locations

and speeds of vehicles, over short range radio links.
This may involve temporary ad hoc wireless local
area networks.
 Wireless vehicle safety communications

 Wireless units will be installed in vehicles and

probably also in fixed locations

 such as near traffic signals and emergency call boxes

along the road.

 Sensors in the cars and at the fixed locations, as well

as possible connections to wider networks, will
provide the information, which will be displayed to
the drivers in some way.
 Wireless vehicle safety communications

 The range of the radio links can be extended by

forwarding messages along multi-hop paths.

 Even without fixed units, information about fixed

hazards can be maintained by moving vehicles by
passing it backwards.

 It also seems possible for traffic lights, which one can

expect to become smarter, to use this information to
reduce the chance of collisions.
 Wireless vehicle safety communications
 Further in the future, it may connect directly to
the adaptive cruise control or other vehicle control
aids.

 Cars and trucks with the wireless system connected

to their brakes may move in convoys, to save fuel
and space on the roads.

 When any column member slows down, all those

behind it will automatically slow also. There are also
possibilities that need less engineering effort.
 Wireless vehicle safety communications
 A radio beacon could be connected to the brake
light, for example.
 Network ideas were scheduled for test in fall 2008, in
Europe where radio frequency bandwidth has been
allocated.

 The 30 MHz allocated is at 5.9 GHz, and unallocated

bandwidth at 5.4 GHz may also be used.
 The standard is IEEE 802.11p, a low-latency form of
the Wi-Fi local area network standard. Similar efforts
are underway in Japan and the USA
 Emergency warning system for vehicles

 Telematics technologies are self-orientating

open network architecture structures of variable
programmable intelligent beacons developed for
application in the development of intelligent
vehicles,

 with the intent to accord (blend, or mesh) warning

information with surrounding vehicles in the vicinity
of travel, intra-vehicle, and infrastructure.
 Emergency warning system for vehicles

 Emergency warning systems for vehicles telematics

are developed particularly for international
harmonization and standardization of vehicle-to-
vehicle,

 infrastructure-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-

infrastructure real-time Dedicated Short Range
Communication (DSRC) systems.
 Emergency warning system for vehicles

 Telematics most commonly relate to computerized

systems that update information at the same rate as
they receive data,

 enabling them to direct or control a process such as

an instantaneous autonomous warning notification in
a remote machine or group of machines.
 Emergency warning system for vehicles

 By use of telematics as applied to intelligent vehicle

technologies,

 instantaneous direction travel cognizance of a

vehicle may be transmitted in real-time to
surrounding vehicles traveling in the local area of
vehicles equipped (with EWSV) to receive said
warning signals of danger.
 Intelligent vehicle technologies

 Telematics comprise electronic, electromechanical,

and electromagnetic devices — usually silicon
micromachined components operating in conjunction
with computer controlled devices and radio
transceivers to provide precision repeatability
functions

 (such as in robotics artificial intelligence systems)

emergency warning validation performance
reconstruction.
 Intelligent vehicle technologies

 Intelligent vehicle technologies commonly apply to

car safety systems and self-contained autonomous
electromechanical sensors generating warnings that
can be transmitted within a specified targeted area
of interest, say within 100 meters of the emergency
warning system for vehicles transceiver.

 In ground applications, intelligent vehicle

technologies are utilized for safety and commercial
communications between vehicles or between a
vehicle and a sensor along the road.
 Intelligent vehicle technologies

 On November 3, 2009 the most advanced Intelligent

Vehicle concept car was demonstrated in New York
City. A 2010 Toyota Prius became the first
LTE connected car.

 The demonstration was provided by the NG Connect

project, a collaboration of automotive telematic
technologies designed to exploit in-car 4G wireless
network connectivity
Q. What is Global Positioning System?
Global Positioning System (GPS), originally NAVSTAR
GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system
owned by the United States government and
operated by the United States Air Force.

It is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that

provides geolocation and time information to a GPS
receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites. Obstacles such as mountains and buildings
block the relatively weak GPS signals.
Q. What is Automatic vehicle location (AVL)
A. AVL is a means for automatically determining and
transmitting the geographic location of a vehicle.
This vehicle location data, from one or more
vehicles, may then be collected by a vehicle tracking
system to manage an overview of vehicle travel.
As of 2017, GPS technology has reached the point of
having the transmitting device be smaller than the
size of a human thumb (thus easier to conceal), able
to run 6 months or more between battery chargings,
easy to communicate with smartphones (merely
requiring a duplicate SIM card from one's mobile
phone carrier in most cases) — all for less than $20
USD.
1. Permanent International Association of Road
Congresses (PIARC)
"Nothing great was ever
achieved without
enthusiasm." -- Ralph
Waldo Emerson

Develop a passion for

learning. If you do, you
will never cease to
grow

Education Is Not the

Learning of Facts, But
the Training of the
Thank you
Mind To Think-- Albert
Einstein