Prakash Upadhyaya

Senior Divisional Engineer

Department of Railways
Battisputali, Kathmandu
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Project Identification
Feasibility Studies
Environmental Assessment
Social Assessment
Survey
Requirement
Factor Controlling Alignment
Principles of highway alignment
Stage of Road Surveys
Detailed engineering survey and Design
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION
Project identification is the first stage in defining
a potential project. Potential projects may be
identified by a number of sources such as:
National, regional or
GON or donor assisted
district development
studies
plans
Project
Identification
Requests from
Requests from local legislators, citizens
bodies groups and the private
sector.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

The concerned sectoral agency should conduct

a pre-feasibility study, social assessment and
environmental screening of the project,
including options.
 These studies determine if the potential
project is consistent with sectoral priorities and
plans and satisfies target group needs in the
project area.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

 These studies shall be completed before a

project is proposed for inclusion in the annual
budget, and before incurring the higher cost
and level of effort required in detailed project
preparation.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

The pre-feasibility identification stage provides

the following information:
1. Broad objectives and scope of the potential
project.
2. Potential issues or problems relating to
organisation, management, finance,
institutions and marketing aspects that need to
be addressed in detail during project
preparation.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

3. Findings and recommendations of initial social

and environmental assessments.
4. Initial assessment of the project viability and
recommendations for proceeding with feasibility
studies and full social-environmental assessments
in the project preparation stage.

The concerned ministry shall decide if and how to

proceed based on this information.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Central Level, District Level and Local Body

Projects
Responsibility for central level projects lies with
the concerned sectoral ministry or department
and the planning process is primarily a ‘top
down’ process starting with national sectoral
plans and priorities, although the needs of
target groups must be carefully considered.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

The identification of district level and local

body projects follows a participatory district
development planning process which is a
‘bottom up’ process beginning at the
household and Ward Committee level in each
VDC.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Central Level Projects

 Sector Strategic Plan

 Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

 Sector Multi-Year Programme

 Inclusion of Projects Proposed by Local Bodies

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

District Level and Local Body Projects

 Participatory District Development Planning
Process
 Integrated District Development Plan

 District Level and Local Body Projects

PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……
Steps in Pre-Feasibility Project Identification
Similar whether the project is a central
level, district level or local body project.
Difference is in the level of effort and
detail.
Project identification follows the same
rationale as a feasibility study but at a
more simplified level, requiring a lower
cost and a shorter period of time.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

Project Identification Team
Project identification of central level projects
shall be carried out by the planning unit of
the concerned sectoral agency.
 Consultant assistance may be used where
special technical expertise is required.
District level, project identification shall be
carried out jointly by the technical staff in the
sector agency’s district office and staff of the
DDC.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

Initial Definition of the Project
An initial description of the project shall be
developed from the sector plan or from
requests from the DDC, VDCs, political
representatives or other sources.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

Use of Existing Data
Project identification should be based on existing data
as much as possible in order to minimise cost. Data
sources can include:
• Published topographical, geological, geotechnical and
other engineering maps and data
• Published demographic and economic data
• Existing Integrated District Development Plans and
district sector plans (e.g. District Transport Master
Plans).
• Reports from previous studies and projects.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

Site Visit
Shall be made to investigate conditions in
the project area.
By all team members together so that they
may jointly assess conditions.
Supplement existing data sources by
collecting locally available data and
information through interviews with local
agencies and stakeholders.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Pre-Feasibility Project Identification

Additional Data Collection
It may be necessary to collect more
specific data (e.g. traffic data or demand
for a new facility) but only if it is essential
in determining if the project should
proceed or not.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……
Pre-Feasibility Project Identification
Technical Assessment of Alternatives
Technical assessment of the target group needs, the
physical conditions and social-environmental
constraints in the project area. Guidelines for the
analysis include:
• Use established sector-specific planning manuals,
guidelines and technical standards
• Use existing mapping
• Generate as wide a range of alternatives as possible
• Use standard unit costs or rules of thumb to estimate
costs
• Consult technical experts.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Environmental Screening
To determine the level of environmental
assessment IEE or EIA that will be required in
the project preparation stage.
Environmental screening normally involves
evaluating the type of project and conditions
in the project area using predetermined
criteria.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……
Initial Social Assessment
The initial social assessment shall review published
information and information gained from the site visit
to assess the project in terms of the following factors:
• Identification
of user groups and other project-
affected groups
• Impacts on local culture and cultural heritage
• Impact on local economic activities
• Poverty and labour issues
• Gender issues.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Consultation with Other Agencies

Consultations shall held with other agencies
who may be affected by the project or whose
own plans may affect the project.
This will include the planning divisions and
district personnel of other sectoral agencies
and the DDC/VDCs in the project area.
It is important to communicate with these
agencies and receive their views on the
alternatives being considered.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Institutional Requirements
The institutional aspects of the project shall
be reviewed to identify which agency will
operate and maintain the completed works.

 Their technical and financial capacity shall

be assessed and recommendations made
for further institutional studies that may be
required in the project preparation stage.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Benefits and Cost Estimates

 The potential benefits and number of
beneficiaries of the project shall be identified (e.g.
number of users, households served, hectares
affected, travel time or distance savings).
Similarly, order-of-magnitude costs shall be
estimated for each of the alternatives using
standard rates, rules of thumb, or experience from
similar projects.
 It is not required to carry out an economic
analysis.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Implementation Arrangements
The alternatives for implementing the project
shall be reviewed to determine which agency
will be responsible for the project and the
sources of funding.
 It is necessary to decide if the project will be
a district level or local body project.
For a central level project, it may be
necessary to identify potential donor interest.
PROJECT IDENTIFICATION Cont……

Report and Recommendation

A brief report shall be prepared outlining the
findings of the investigations and making
recommendations on the alternative(s) to be
selected and the scope of work to be
completed in the project preparation stage.
The report should clearly describe all the
requirements of FAR Schedule 4 "Basis for
and Method of Project Approval" relating to
FAR Rule 23(1).
Feasibility Studies
FEASIBILITY STUDIES

The feasibility study provides the

basis for the approval of a project.
Central level and district level
projects are approved by the NPC
and the concerned sectoral
ministry.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Local body projects are approved by

the NPC, Ministry of Local
Development and the concerned
District Council.
The feasibility study may be carried
out by in-house staff or by
consultants as decided by the
competent authority.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Central Level Projects

 Feasibility study is required for all central
level projects.
It shall be a full technical and economic
feasibility study designed to enable the
concerned ministry and the NPC to
appraise the project before giving
approval
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

A full feasibility study normally addresses the

following:
Technical feasibility: technical evaluation of
alternatives including level of service,
development of preliminary designs and
specifications, identification of materials
sources and estimates of construction,
operation and maintenance costs.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Financial feasibility: evaluation of project

revenues and direct costs in nominal (i.e.
financial) terms.

Economic feasibility: evaluation of all project

benefits and costs, and the analysis of the
project’s return in economic term
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Institutional sustainability:
Evaluation of the agency which will own
and operate the completed infrastructure
to determine institutional strengthening
and training assistance which may be
required to ensure the sustainability of
the completed project.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

District Level Projects

The feasibility study for a district level project is
normally limited to a definition of parameters
such as the project objective, impacted
population, alternatives, cost estimate, funding
requirements and proposed administrative
arrangements.
An economic and financial evaluation is not
required for local body projects while it is
mandatory for centrally funded projects.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Environmental and Social Assessment

Social and environmental assessments are
also required at the feasibility stage of a
project.
These may be incorporated into the feasibility
study, or they may be conducted as separate
components depending on the complexity of
the social and environmental issues.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

Environmental and Social Assessment

Whichever arrangement is decided upon, there
must be close coordination between the
feasibility study and social/environmental
teams to ensure that any social/environmental
mitigation actions are incorporated into a
project’s design, implementation plan and cost
estimates.
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……
Feasibility Study
1. Preparation of Terms of Reference for a
Feasibility Study
2. Appointment of Feasibility Study Consultant
3. Development of Project Objectives and
Scope
4. Data Collection
5. Development of Project Works
6. Stakeholder Participation
7. Preliminary Engineering
FEASIBILITY STUDIES Cont……

8. Preliminary Cost Estimates

9. Economic and Financial Analyses
10. Identification of Institutional and Training
Requirements
11. Proposed Implementation Modalities
12. Proposed Funding Modalities
13. Assessment of Project Risks
14. Initial Implementation Plan and Schedule
15. Feasibility Report
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Cont……
1. Environmental Screening
1.1 Threshold Criteria
1.2 Project Type Criteria
2. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
2.1 Preparation and Approval of IEE Work
Schedule
2.2 Main Elements in IEE
2.3 IEE Report and Approval
3. Environmental Scoping
3.1 Method of Scoping
3.2 Agencies Responsible for Scoping
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Cont……
4. Prepare Terms of Reference (TOR) for EIA Study
4.1 Preparation and Approval of EIA Work Schedule
5. Baseline Data Collection
6. Identify Environmental Impacts
6.1 Biophysical Impacts
6.2 Cultural Impacts
6.3 Health Impacts
6.4 Other Impacts
6.5 Hazards and Risk in EIA
6.6 Categories of Impacts
6.7 Impact Identification Methods
6.8 Impact Prediction
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Cont……
7. Develop Mitigation Measures
7.1 Consideration of Alternatives
7.2 Compensatory Measures
7.3 Corrective Measures
7.4 Preventive Measures
7.5 Implementation of Mitigation Measures
8. Public Consultation and Participation
8.1 Approaches to Stakeholder Involvement
9. Develop Environmental Management Action
Plan (EMAP)
10. Prepare EIA Report
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Cont……
11. Approval of EIA Report
12. Environmental Monitoring
12.1 Principles of Monitoring
12.2 Types of Monitoring
Baseline Monitoring:
Impact Monitoring:
Compliance Monitoring:
12.3 Development of Monitoring Indicators
12.4 Institutional Aspect
13. Environmental Auditing
13.1 Types of Audit
13.2 Environmental Audit Plan
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT
Decision Point Audit: examines the effectiveness of EIA as
a decision-making tool.
Implementation Audit: ensures that approved conditions
have been met.
Performance Audit: examines the responses of agencies
concerned with project management.
Project Impact Audit: examines environmental changes
arising from project implementation.
Predictive Technique Audit: examines the accuracy and
utility of predictive techniques by comparing
actual against predicted environmental effects.
EIA Procedures Audit: critically examines the methods and
approach adopted during the EIA study.
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT

Participation of project stakeholders

in the planning and implementation
of projects results in improved
project efficiency, effectiveness and
sustainability.
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Cont……

1. Initial Social Assessment

2. Create Socio-Economic Profile
Social Analysis
3. Identify Client Population
4. Create Socio-Economic Profiles for Sub-
Groups
5. Assess Needs of Client Population
6. Assess Demand of the Proposed Project
7. Assess Absorptive Capacity
8. Assess Gender Issues
SOCIAL ASSESSMENT Cont……

9. Adverse Impacts on Vulnerable Groups

10. Identify Target Beneficiaries and Targeting
Mechanisms
11. Participatory Development Process
12. Formulate Implementation Modalities (Project
Delivery
13. Involuntary Resettlement Planning
14. Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation of
Project Benefits
15. Social Assessment Reports
SURVEY
The operation of finding the contour,
dimensions, position, or other particulars of, as
any part of the earth's surface, whether land or
water; also, a measured plan and description of
any portion of country, or of a road or line
through it.
ROAD ALIGNMENT

The layout of the road on the ground is called the

alignment.

Horizontal alignment includes the straight path,

the horizontal deviations and curves.

Vertical alignment includes the gradient and

vertical curves
GOAL

Minimized Total Transportation Cost

Component of total transportation cost:
Construction Cost
Maintenance Cost
Operation Cost
Accident Cost
REQUIREMENT

Short

Easy

Safe

Economical
FACTOR CONTROLLING ALIGNMENT
Obligatory Points
Traffic
Geometric Design
Economics
Hill Road
Stability
Drainage
Geometric Design for hill roads
Resisting length
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT

 For the highway to serve its function of

allowing convenient, continuous, free-flowing
traffic operation.
Keep grade and curvature to the minimum
necessary to satisfy the service requirement of
the highways.
 Avoid sudden changes in sight distance,
especially near junction.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Avoid having a sharp horizontal curve on or
adjacent to a pronounced vertical curve
In urban areas site the highway through
undeveloped or destroyed areas , along the
edge of large park lands and , in general, away
from highly developed, expensive land area.
In urban areas locate the highway as close as
possible to the principal parking turminals.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
In rural areas locate as much as possible of the
new highway on existing ones, so as to
minimize the use of farm land and reduce total
initial and maintenance cost.
Locate along the properties rather than
through the middle, so as to cause the
minimum interference to cultivation and aviod
the need for subway construcction.
Avoid the destruction or removal of man-made
culture
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Keep the highway away from cemeteries,
places of worship, temples, hospitals, school
and play grounds.
The effect of the proposed highway on existing
or future utilities above, on or under the ground
should be considered. It may be such as to
warrant changes in order to avoid expensive
relocation of these utilities.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Never have two roads intersecting near a bend
or at the top or bottom of a hill.
Avoid intersection at-grade with railway line.
Seek favourable sites for river crossing.
Preferably these should be at right-angles to
the stream centre line.
Do not have a bridge located on or adjacent to
a highway curve.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Avoid need for deep cuttings and expensive
tunnel construction
Avoid locations where rock is close to the
surface as this will usually require at least
some expensive excavations
In hilly terrain, be aware of the possibilities of
landslides
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
To minimized drainage problems, select a
location on high ground in contrast to one in a
valley
Avoid bogs, marshes and other low-laying lands
subject to flooding
Locate a highway on the soil which will require
the least pavement thickness above it.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Quantities of excavation should be balanced
with the quantities of embankment
In hilly terrain the highway should cross ridge at
their lowest point
 In hilly terrain, select the location subject to
sunlight and avoid areas where snow and ice
will accumulate.
PRINCIPLES OF HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
Cont……
Avoid the unnecessary and expensive
destruction of wooded areas
Avoid ground subject to mining subsidence
STAGE OF ROAD SURVEYS
Map Study
Reconnaissance
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN

In the engineering design stage the final

design, drawings, specifications, cost estimate,
contract packages and bidding documents are
prepared.

In-house staff Detailed By employing

of the Engineering engineering
implementing Survey and Consultant
agency Design
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 1. Preparation of Terms of Reference for
Engineering Design
 The TOR shall clearly specify the objectives of
the detailed engineering design.
 A detailed design report shall be prepared
containing drawings, specifications and the
engineer’s cost estimate
 The TOR shall identify and describe surveys,
investigations and studies to be completed for
the alternative selected in the feasibility study.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 1. Preparation of Terms of Reference for
Engineering Design
 The TOR shall specify the engineer’s cost estimate
to an engineering design level which should be
accurate within ± 10% and based on realistic work
norms, market prices, quotations and tendered
unit rates
 Any requirement for design optimisation for key
project components should be clearly specified in
the TOR
 The governing design guidelines, standards and
criteria should be clearly specified in the TOR.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 2. Appointment of Engineering Design
Consultant
As per PPA and PPR
Step 3. Field Survey and Investigations
Step 3.1 Site Selection
Step 3.2 Surveys
Step 3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey
 This survey is based on available
information and maps, and aerial
photographs if these are available.
 Reconnaissance is normally done by a
walk-over survey during the pre-feasibility
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey
 Assessment of various factors affecting the site
selection such as: topography, soil conditions,
availability of construction materials, water
sources, climatic conditions, means of
communication, construction feasibility,
bridging requirements, population centres,
costs etc.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 3.2.2 Preliminary Survey
 On the basis of the reconnaissance survey and
follow-up appraisals, is made during the feasibility
stage to gather data on alternative sites in greater
detail.
Step 3.2.3 Final Location Survey
 After the site has been selected based on
evaluation criteria, this site must be translated into
physical locations during the final location survey.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 3.3 Guiding Principles of Site Location Cont……
The principles determining site selection will depend on the
type of project however, the following principles should
apply universally:
 The site should offer the maximum economy in costs
of construction, transport of materials and later
operations and maintenance.
 The site should enable the completed facility to satisfy
the intended level of service and all safety
requirements.
 Every effort should be made to utilize existing facilities
in order to minimize construction cost and land
acquisition.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 3.3 Guiding Principles of Site Location
 The site should avoid or minimise negative impacts on
social and cultural activities and the environment
such as schools, hospitals, places of worship,
archaeological and historical monuments, water
courses and forested areas.
 The site should minimize interference with services
like power transmission lines and water supply mains.
 Site selection should consider drainage, sub-grade
conditions and slope stability.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 4. Adoption of Design Criteria and
Standards
Step 5. Design Studies
 During the detailed design stage, an in-depth
analysis of design options is made.
 The design studies should be based on the
findings of the preliminary engineering design
stage, detailed investigations and surveys and
adopted design criteria and standards.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 5. Design Studies Cont……
The following design studies may be conducted
during the engineering design phase.
Analysis and Interpretation
 Compilation, processing and interpretation of
field data
 Hydrological analyses
 Geotechnical analyses
 Construction rate analyses
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 5. Design Studies Cont……

Design Optimization Studies

 Identification and comparison of options

 Life-cycle cost analysis

 Analysis of O&M costs

 Value engineering

 Selection of most preferred strategy

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 5. Design Studies Cont……
Detailed Design Calculations
 Hydraulic design
 Structural design
 Geotechnical design
 Quantity estimates
 Construction planning
 Risk analysis
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 6. Preparation of Drawings, Specifications and
Bill of Quantities
Step 6.1 Drawing Sheet Size
The following sheet sizes are normally used:
A0 (841 x 1189 mm), A1 (594 x 841 mm), A2
(420 x 594 mm)
Drawings included in the tender documents, and as-
built
drawings, A3 (297 x 420 mm)
A4 (210 x 297 mm): for showing sketches of design
details in the design report.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 6.2 Major Types of Drawings Cont……

The drawings usually required for a rural road

project include the following:
 Locality map (sometimes called a “key map”)

 Site plan (sometimes called "index map")

 Land acquisition plan if required should be

prepared on available village maps or
settlement and cadastral maps showing the
relevant details.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 6.2 Major Types of Drawings Cont……

 Plan and longitudinal sections with suggested

scales ·
 Bridges, Culverts

 Buildings and other utilities

 Typical details of miscellaneous road

structures
 Foundations and retaining walls

 Drainage longitudinal as well as sectional

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 6.3 Specifications
The specifications to be followed in the
engineering design phase shall include the
following:
 Standard specifications

 Special specifications

Step 6.4 Bill of Quantities (BOQ)

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 7. Preparation of Engineering Cost Estimate
The following guidelines shall apply to the engineering
design-level cost estimate:
· The quantities of the civil works should be
computed on the basis of the detailed plan,
design profiles and cross-sections following
the standard methods of measurement.
· The quantities of metal work, electrical and
mechanical parts will be as per the schedule
contained in the design drawings, plans and
their specifications.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 7. Preparation of Engineering Cost Estimate
 The rate analysis for the civil engineering items
will be made following the unified norms and
market prices of construction materials, labour
and equipment hiring rates.
 The rates for civil engineering items shall be
verified with the mean rates of prevailing
contract prices of the last 5 years in the sector
and geographical region.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 7. Preparation of Engineering Cost Estimate
 The rates of metal parts, electrical and mechanical
parts will be based on the quotations from reputed
prospective suppliers as per detailed
specifications.

 The costs will be broken down into local and

foreign currency components. It will also be further
broken down into direct cost, taxes, physical and
price contingencies.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 7. Preparation of Engineering Cost Estimate
 Detailed schedules of rates of labour and
material, analysed equipment hiring rates,
analysed item rates, quoted equipment prices
etc. shall be properly documented as the
engineer’s cost estimate.
 The engineer’s cost estimate shall be approved
by the responsible authority ·
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 8. Preparation of Contract Packages Cont……
The following guidelines shall apply in splitting the
works into suitable contract packages:
 The works may be too large to be undertaken by a
single contractor when considering the technical,
managerial and financial capability of suitable
available contractors.
 The project may consist of diverse works such as
civil works, mechanical works, and electrical works
and suitable multi-disciplinary contractors may not
be available.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 8. Preparation of Contract Packages
 The work packages may physically separate from one
another requiring separate site management for the
construction activities.
 The work may require a range of plant and equipment
that is not available to a single contractor.
 The work may require a range of skills and expertise that
a single contractor may not have.
 The consultant and implementing agency shall consider
all practical combinations of contract packages and
decide the preferred combination based on their expert
judgment and consideration of supervision and
administration costs.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 9. Development of Procurement Method
and Form of Tendering
 Projects may be organised and implemented
with different strategies.
 The project strategy determines the contractual
relationships, rights, duties and risks of parties
involved in the project.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 9. Development of Procurement Method
and Form of Tendering
Project Implementation Strategy:
Build

Design and Build

Design, Build, Operate and Transfer

Design, Build and Operate

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 9. Development of Procurement Method and
Form of Tendering
The appropriate strategy for project implementation
should be chosen considering the following
aspects:
 Nature and complexity of the project
 Project funding
 Life cycle cost of the project
 Technical and administrative capability of the
employer
 General political and economic environment.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 9. Development of Procurement Method
and Form of Tendering
The implementing agency and engineer should
establish the procurement method and form of
tendering to determine:
 Project components requiring tenders
 Conditions of contract to be adopted
 Pre-qualification criteria to be followed
 Award criteria to be followed
 Tendering procedure to be applied.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme
The programme prepared during the feasibility
stage will be updated and detailed at the
engineering stage. It shall include the duration of
activities and critical milestones on the following
activities:
 Pre-construction activities of the implementing
agency
 Consultancy services
 Construction of works.
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme

Implementing Agency Pre-construction Activities

 Land acquisition

 Implementation of resettlement action plan

 Approval of other government agencies

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme Cont……
Consultancy Services
 Preparation of terms of reference
 Invitation for short listing of consultants
 Short listing of supervision consultants
 Request for proposals
 Obtaining of proposals
 Evaluation of proposals
 Award of services
 Approval for sources of materials
 Construction supervision
 Defects liability supervision
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme Cont……
Construction of Works
 Preparation of prequalification documents
 Prequalification of construction contractors
 Preparation of bidding documents
 Obtaining of bids
 Evaluation of bids
 Award of contracts for works and goods
 Mobilisation for construction works
 Completion of construction works and apply of
goods
 Completion of defects liability period
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme
Critical path network may be developed which will
include the following aspects:
 Definition of tasks/activities and their types

 Estimated duration of each of the task/activity

 Definition of task dependency relations

 Assignment of lead and lags on such

dependencies
 Built in slack

 Identification of critical and near-critical paths.

DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……
Step 10. Preparation of the Programme
For the construction stage, the contractor will
further elaborate the work incorporating the
following:
 Assignment of resources to each task

 Assignment of rates of resources

 Resource levelling
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Step 11. Preparation of Bidding Documents Cont……
The engineering design stage normally includes
preparation of the bidding documents which is
done after the contract packages, method of
procurement and programme have been decided
upon. The bidding documents normally contain:
 Conditions of contract
 Description of the works
 Specifications
 Drawings
 Bill of Quantities
DETAILED ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN
Cont……

Step 12. Approvals

 SURVEY

This is the process of determining

by measurement the relative
position of points on or near the
D EFINITION surface of earth , in order to
produce the maps, plan or section
which brings out natural or man
made features in their correct
relationships in the horizontal or
vertical plane.
 SURVEY

By survey measurement :
 Distances
 Angles
D EFINITION  Directions
 Coordinate
 Elevation
 Areas and Volumes
are determined
 SURVEY

Survey used for:

 Delineation of properties

D EFINITION  Computation of area and volume

 Construction of chart and diagram
 Setting out of proposed works on
the ground
 SURVEY

Fundamental principles:
 Working from whole to part

P RINCIPLES
 Primary
 Secondary
 Tertiary
 Fixing a point in relation to points
already located
 SURVEY

H IGHWAY
Design Survey
S URVEYING
Construction survey
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING

 Triangulation
D ESIGN
S URVEY  Baseline Measurement
 Leveling

 Tacheometry and contouring

 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
T RIANGULATION
 Making triangles on field (plan)
 Length of sides of triangles are
D ESIGN measured to fix the third point if
S URVEY the position of any two points are
known.
 Technique is based on the sine rule,
( if one side and the three angles of a
triangle are known , the remaining sides
can be computed)
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
T RIANGULATION
 Triangulation Systems
 First order Triangulation
D ESIGN  Second order Triangulation
S URVEY
 Third order Triangulation
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
T RIANGULATION First order Triangulation

Second order Triangulation

D ESIGN Third order Triangulation
S URVEY
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
T RIANGULATION
 Basic figures in triangulation

D ESIGN triangle Geodetic quadrilateral

S URVEY

Polygon with central station

 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
D ESIGN T RIANGULATION
S URVEY
 Triangulation Systems or Network

Chain of triangle

Double chain of triangle

 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
D ESIGN T RIANGULATION
S URVEY
 Triangulation Systems or Network

Chain of geodetic quadrilaterals

 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
D ESIGN T RIANGULATION
S URVEY
 Triangulation Systems or Network

Chain of Hexagon with central station

 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
B ASELINE M EASUREMENT
 Length of only one line of
Triangulation Systems or Network,
D ESIGN called the baseline
S URVEY  This line may be:
 one of the side of the triangulation
network
 may be another line imagined to be
connected to the nearest side of the
network
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
B ASELINE M EASUREMENT

 Accuracy of an entire
triangulation system
D ESIGN
depends on measurement
S URVEY
of the baseline

HORIZONTAL CONTROL
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
L EVELING

D ESIGN
S URVEY
h1 h2

A
B
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
L EVELING
D ESIGN
S URVEY

VERTICAL CONTROL
 S URVEY, H IGHWAY S URVEYING
TACHEOMETRY AND CONTOURING
D ESIGN x

S URVEY

X
A
THANK YOU