EE342: Microwave

Engineering
WEEK 3: TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY AND EQUATIONS
INSTRUCTOR: MAIRA ISLAM

1
 Practice Exercise 11.1

• This is a distortion less line

• For a distortion less line RC=GL

H.W: complete 11.1 PE 11.2, Example 11.1 and 11.2

Input Impedance
Input Impedance
Input Impedance
At the generator z=0 and we can have the following equations
Input Impedance ... Generalized
Expression
Input Impedance ... Generalized
Expression

The factor βl is known as electrical length of a line

Voltage Reflection Coefficient Γ𝐿 at the
load
It is the ratio of voltage reflection wave to the incident wave at the load
Current Reflection Coefficient

It is the negative of Voltage Reflection coefficient at any point

Reflection Coefficient
The amplitude of the reflected wave to the incident wave is
• The voltage and current on
defined as the voltage reflection coefficient
the line is the superposition
of incident and reflected
At the load, it is: 𝑉𝑜− 𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑜
Γ𝐿 = + = wave
𝑉𝑜 𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑜 • Such a wave is called as
standing wave
The total voltage wave on the TL is: • When reflection coefficient
V 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 is zero, there is no reflection
on the line
The total current wave on the TL is:
• Such a condition is met if
𝑉𝑜+ 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑍𝑜
I 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 − Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧 • Such a load is matched to
𝑍𝑜
the line
At any point on the line, reflection
coefficient is:
𝜞 𝒅 = 𝜞𝑳 𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝜷𝒅
EE342 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 10
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
V  z   V0 e  j  z 1   L e 2 j  z  I (z)

 V0 e  j  z 1   L e jL e 2 j  z  + V (z)

-
ZL
z
z z=0
V  z   V 1 L e e
0
 jL  j 2  z

Vmax
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio  VSWR  
Vmin
Vmax  V0 1   L 
1  L
Vmin  V0 1   L  VSWR 
1  L

EE342 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 12

VSWR
VSWR
Standing Waves
Standing Waves
Power Flow on TL
The time average power flow on the line V 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
at any point z is:
1 𝑉𝑜+
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉(𝑧)𝐼(𝑧)∗ I 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 − Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
2 𝑍𝑜

1 𝑉𝑜+ 2
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑅𝑒[1 + Γ𝑒 𝑗2𝛽𝑧 − Γ ∗ 𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑧 − Γ 2 ]
2 𝑍𝑜
• The average power flow is constant at
1 𝑉𝑜+ 2 any point on the TL
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = [1 − Γ 2 ]
2 𝑍𝑜 • The power delivered to the load is
equal to the incident power minus the
reflected power
• For maximum power delivered to the
load, line must be matched

EE342 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 17

Summary of definitions
Reflection Coefficient: shows what fraction of an incident signal is reflected when a source
drives a load.
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR): is the ratio of the maximum to minimum values of the "standing
wave" pattern that is created when signals are reflected on a transmission line. This
measurement can be taken using a "slotted line" apparatus that allows the user to measure the
field strength in a transmission line at different distances along the line.
Return Loss: shows the level of the reflected signal with respect to the incident signal in dB. The
negative sign is dropped from the return loss value, so a large value for return loss indicates a
small reflected signal. Example: a return loss of 26 dB is roughly equivalent to a reflection
coefficient of 0.05.
Mismatch Loss: is the power lost relative to the incident power, expressed in dB. This is the
power lost due to mismatch between the source and load impedances.
Terminated Transmission Lines
Input Impedance
Due to mismatch, the impedance seen
looking into the line vary with position. V 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑜+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 + Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧

At a distance 𝑧 = −d: I 𝑧 =
𝑉𝑜+
𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 − Γ𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧
+ 𝑗𝛽𝑑 −𝑗𝛽𝑑 𝑍𝑜
𝑉(−𝑑) 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 + Γ𝑒
= 𝑉+
140

𝑍𝑖𝑛 =
𝐼(−𝑑) 𝑜 𝑗𝛽𝑑 −𝑗𝛽𝑑
120

𝑒 − Γ𝑒 100
𝑍𝑜
80

60

40

20

Γ𝑒 −𝑗2𝛽𝑑
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

1+
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = −𝑗2𝛽𝑑
𝑍𝑜 𝒁𝑳 + 𝒋𝒁𝒐 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒅)
1 − Γ𝑒 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝒁𝒐
𝒁𝒐 + 𝒋𝒁𝑳 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝜷𝒅)

EE342 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 20

Summary of Terminated Transmission-
Line
I (-d)

+ V (-d)
ZL
-
z
Z(-d) z=0
z = -d Z L  Z0
L 
Z L  Z0
2
g 


vp 

 1   Le 2 j d 
Z  d   Z 0  2 j  d 
 1   Le 
 Z  jZ 0 tan   d  
 Z0  L 
 Z 0  jZ L tan   d  
EE342 MICROWAVE ENGINEERING 21
Special Case: Matched Load (ZL=Z0)
I (-d)

+ V (-d)
ZL
Z L  Z0 -
L  0 z
Z L  Z0 Z(-d) z = -d z=0

No reflection from the load

 Z  d   Z0 for any z
 1   Le2 j d 
Z  d   Z 0  2 j  d 
 1   Le 

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 22

Special Case : Short Circuit
I (-d)
Z L  Z0
L  + V (-d)
Z L  Z0
-
z
 L  1 Z(-d) z = -d z=0

 Z  jZ 0 tan   d  
Z  d   Z 0  L 
Z
 0  jZ L tan   d  

Z  d   jZ0 tan   d  Always imaginary!

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 23

Special Case : Short Circuit
Z  d   jZ0 tan   d 

Z  d   jX sc

Xsc X sc  Z0 tan   d 
Inductive

d/g
0 1/4 1/2 3/4
d
Note:  d  2
Capacitive g

S.C. can become an O.C. with a g/4

transmission line.

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 24

Special Case: Open Circuit
Z L  Z0 I (-d)
L 
Z L  Z0
+ V (-d)
  Z0
L  -
  Z0 z
Z(-d) z = -d z=0
 L  1

 Z  jZ 0 tan   d    1  j  Z 0 / Z L  tan   d  
Z  d   Z 0  L  or Z  d   Z 0  
 Z 0  jZ L tan   d   
 0 LZ / Z   j tan   d  

Z  d    jZ0 cot   d  Always imaginary!

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 25

Special Case: Open Circuit
Z  d    jZ0 cot   d 

Z  d   jX oc

X oc  Z0 cot   d 

Xoc
Inductive

d/g
0 1/4 1/2

Capacitive
O.C. can become a S.C. with a g/4
transmission line.

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 26

Special Case :
Example :
◦ A short-circuit transmission line has an input impedance of 𝑋𝑖𝑛 = −𝑗50Ω. If the characteristic
impedance of the line is 50 Ω, find the minimum possible electrical length of the line.

𝒁𝒐 = 50Ω
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = −𝒋𝟓𝟎 𝛀

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 27

Using Transmission Lines to Synthesize Loads
We can obtain any reactance that we want from a short or open transmission line.

This is very useful in microwave engineering.

A microwave filter constructed from microstrip line.

EE847 MICROWAVE NETWORKS & PASSIVE COMPONENTS 28

Question
A lossless transmission line of length 50cm with L=10𝜇𝐻/𝑚, C=40pF/m, is operated at 30MHz.
Its electrical length is
◦ 20λ
◦ 0.2λ
◦ 108o
◦ 40𝜋
◦ None of the above
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