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    DiskStorage Part1

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    Muhammad Mubarok
    Disk Storage database

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    DiskStorage Part1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mubarok
    28 views10 pages
    Disk Storage database

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    DiskStorage_Part1

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Disk Storage database

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    28 views10 pages

    DiskStorage Part1

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Mubarok
    Disk Storage database

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Disk Storage

    Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.


    Chapter Outline

    Disk Storage Devices


    Files of Records
    Operations on Files
    Unordered Files
    Ordered Files
    Hashed Files

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-2


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Disk Storage Devices (cont.)

     Preferred secondary storage device for high


    storage capacity and low cost.
     Data stored as magnetized areas on magnetic
    disk surfaces.
     A disk pack contains several magnetic disks
    connected to a rotating spindle.
     Disks are divided into concentric circular
    tracks on each disk surface. Track capacities
    vary typically from 4 to 50 Kbytes.
    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-3
    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Disk Storage Devices (cont.)
    Because a track usually contains a large
    amount of information, it is divided into
    smaller blocks or sectors.
     The division of a track into sectors is hard-coded on
    the disk surface and cannot be changed. One type of
    sector organization calls a portion of a track that
    subtends a fixed angle at the center as a sector.
     A track is divided into blocks. The block size B is
    fixed for each system. Typical block sizes range from
    B=512 bytes to B=4096 bytes. Whole blocks are
    transferred between disk and main memory for
    processing.
    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-4
    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Disk Storage Devices (cont.)

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-5


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Disk Storage Devices (cont.)
     A read-write head moves to the track that contains the block to
    be transferred. Disk rotation moves the block under the read-
    write head for reading or writing.
     A physical disk block (hardware) address consists of a cylinder
    number (imaginery collection of tracks of same radius from all
    recoreded surfaces), the track number or surface number (within
    the cylinder), and block number (within track).
     Reading or writing a disk block is time consuming because of the
    seek time s and rotational delay (latency) rd.
     Double buffering can be used to speed up the transfer of
    contiguous disk blocks.

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-6


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Disk Storage Devices (cont.)

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-7


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Records

     Fixed and variable length records


     Records contain fields which have values of a particular
    type (e.g., amount, date, time, age)
     Fields themselves may be fixed length or variable length
     Variable length fields can be mixed into one record:
    separator characters or length fields are needed so that the
    record can be “parsed”.

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-8


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Blocking

     Blocking: refers to storing a number of records in one blo


    ck on the disk.
     Blocking factor (bfr) refers to the number of records per
    block.
     There may be empty space in a block if an integral
    number of records do not fit in one block.
     Spanned Records: refer to records that exceed the size of
    one or more blocks and hence span a number of blocks.

    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-9


    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe
    Files of Records
     A file is a sequence of records, where each record is a
    collection of data values (or data items).
     A file descriptor (or file header ) includes information
    that describes the file, such as the field names and their
    data types, and the addresses of the file blocks on disk.
     Records are stored on disk blocks. The blocking factor
    bfr for a file is the (average) number of file records
    stored in a disk block.
     A file can have fixed-length records or variable-length
    records.
    Elmasri/Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems Chapter 13-10
    Copyright © 2004 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe

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