2 Moral & Ethical Values

Moral & Ethical Values
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Definition
• Moral values are the standards of good and bad ,
which govern an individual’s behavior and
choices. Individual’s morals may derive from
society and government, religion, or self governed.
• Our moral values are largely shaped by the social
customs and religious beliefs.
• We acquire them unconsciously from the society
and family in which we grow up.
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• Morality is concerned with human conduct in all
areas of personal, professional and social life.
• Moral goodness is fundamental feature of a

‘good’ human being and basic principle of
society.
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• Values aimed at understanding the
nature of goodness and the ways for
securing it in life.
• Ethical principles should not only appeal
to our emotional sensibilities but must
also be consistent.
• Principles for moral life should not
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demand rejection of other values of life.
Types of Moral Values
• Customary Morality
• Religious Morality
• Reflective Morality
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Customary Morality
• Communities have certain commonly agreed norms

to regulate the behavior of individual’s in the society.
• These norms are like framework within which
individual and social relations are to be carried out.
Violation of these socio-moral codes invites social
criticism.
• Eg: Marriage, family relations, public behavior,
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festivals.
Customary Morality
• Customary Morality is based on the past

experiences of a society. And passed on from
generation to another, thus becomes part of our
common cultural identity.
• Social codes give a ready-made basis for making
moral judgements.
• These norms develop into social and moral codes
and define framework within which individual &
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social relations are to be carried out.
Religious Morality
• Most of our ethical ideas have come to us from

religion.
• Traditional societies have dominant significance
in all aspects of personal & social life.
• All religions started as reform movements aimed
at moral & spiritual upliftment of humankind.
• Religion inspired generations after generations to
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seek higher levels of ethical values.
• Religious Morality is very much influenced
from authority of God, religious books.
• It beliefs in the existence of God, and a
conception that he is not only creator of this
universe but also the author of its moral laws.
• All religions uphold basic moral values like
truthfulness, kindness, sharing & caring
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attitude.
Reflective Morality
• Moral values should be consistent and blend with

other values of life (social, spiritual & aesthetic
values).
• Principles for moral life should not demand
rejection of other values of life.
• So these must be framed by human beings by
taking into account the realities of healthy human
and social life.
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• A Morality based on these larger perceptions is
termed as Reflective Morality.
• Moral principles should support human mind,
help in growth w.r.t material, social and
spiritual and helps in healthy social life. A
morality based on these perceptions is termed
as reflective morality.
• Moral values are reflection of human
personality as an individual.
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• Traditional values should not be treated as
burden but should be developed and refined
timely.
• And it would be open to ideas from all other
traditions & cultures.
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Principle of Morality
• Kant has developed some general principles for

guiding moral behavior.
• According to him like the laws of nature there
are moral laws for the governance of human
conduct.
• Since human beings are rational, and moral
agents, their conduct must be governed by these
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moral laws.
Three principles of Morality are:
• The Principle of Universality

• The Principle of Humanity as an end in itself
• The Principle of Autonomy
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The Principle of Universality
• The moral principle should be applicable to

all.
• Rules are same for all and will not differ from
person to person.
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The Principle of Humanity as an
end in itself
• This principle demands that we respect the humanity

in our own person.
• Treating everyone equally, showing respect &
helping everyone despite of their position & social
image.
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The Principle of Autonomy
• The moral standards adopted by an individual

should arise out because of our own believes, & not
because of external pressure & compulsions.
• Many of us try to live up to standards set up by
others, parents, friends, work-group, social customs
etc.
• The principle of moral autonomy demands that we
govern ourselves by self accepted & self-imposed
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moral laws.
Definition
Ethics: Ethical codes of conduct

instruct us on what we ought or ought
not to do. Typical ethical theories or
ethical codes include basic principles
that are intended to be used to guide
conduct/behavior.
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Ethics
The study of moral values or principles that guide

our behavior, and inform us whether actions are
right or wrong.
Ethical values are related to moral judgments about

right and wrong.
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Principles of ethics should provide us guidance as
we make choices in a complicated world. Ideally,
an account of ethics should help us to identify
moral principles and morally relevant features of
the choices we face.
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Factors to be considered in
making ethical judgment
• The motive from which the action springs.

• The nature of the act itself, including the
means adopted.
• The resulting consequences.
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The motive from which the action springs
• The purity of the purpose and the goodness of the

action behind an essential act to be judged as
ethical.
• If the intention is not good, honest then the actual
act cannot be justified morally.
• Eg: the intention behind the service to influence
the behavior to have her will, that the property will
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be in my favor. This act can not be called
morally good.
• Having good will, good intensions & having chosen
right means for achieving right ends, however, are
still not sufficient conditions for ethical correctness.
• We also need to examine & assess the consequences
of our action.
• So in making moral choices & judgements three
factors are required: Motive
• Means
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• Consequences
• Another important factor in assessing the moral
quality of an act, is the morality of the person
doing the act, is the degree of freedom enjoyed
by the person.
• Making moral judgements, & living a moral
life, is a great art & is very difficult too.
• Making moral judgements in real life situations
requires great knowledge, wisdom, sensitivity,
determination & capacity of the higher order to
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resolve moral issues & to choose the moral path.
• The faith in the moral & ethical values is
the most important component of the human
values, however it does not provide answer
to all the real life’s problems, nor are the
solutions provided by them always
contradiction free.
• But then, these are common features of
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most of the human actions for growth &
advancement.

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Moral & Ethical Values

• Moral goodness is fundamental feature of a

• Communities have certain commonly agreed norms

• Eg: Marriage, family relations, public behavior,

• Customary Morality is based on the past

• Most of our ethical ideas have come to us from

• Moral values should be consistent and blend with

• Kant has developed some general principles for

• The Principle of Universality

• The moral principle should be applicable to

• This principle demands that we respect the humanity

• The moral standards adopted by an individual

Ethics: Ethical codes of conduct

The study of moral values or principles that guide

Ethical values are related to moral judgments about

• The motive from which the action springs.

• The purity of the purpose and the goodness of the

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