Non Projected Av Aids

NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS
Presented by
Shyam Das
INTRODUCTION
Audio aids are any instructional device that can be

heard but not seen. Visual aids are any instructional
device that can be seen. But not heard. Audio – Visual
Aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate
or stimulate and reinforce learning. (Burton)
DEFINITION
 “Audio visual aids are any device which can be

used to make the learning more effective, more
concrete, more realistic and more dynamic”.
-Kinder
OBJECTIVES OF USING AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
 To increase the effectiveness of the teaching.
 To hold the attention span of the learner for the

duration of instruction.
 To save time.
 To make learning experiences last longer.

CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS:
A.V aids can be broadly divided into 2 types based on

their operation.
1. Projected aids
2. Non projected aids
TYPES OF PROJECTED AIDS:
 OHP
 Slides
 Film strips
 Films
 LCD projector
 Audio & video conferencing projector

NON-PROJECTED
Non-projected, 2-D Non-projected; 3-D
 Charts • Models
 Flat pictures • mockup
 Diagrams • display materials,
 Maps • globes,
 Graphs • 3-D specimens
 cartoons
CHARTS
Usual materials required to prepare charts are sheets

of thick white or light colored paper, fiber tipped
round point and chisel point color markers, graphic
materials, scissors, drawing aids and adhesives. Before
making one should plan the contents in terms of
objectives and decide the layout.
THE FOLLOWING POINTS MUST BE OBSERVED WHILE
PREPARING A CHART:
 The size of the chart, size of letters and contrast of

display material should be such that it is readable by
farthest viewer.
 Standard paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm is

suitable for most purposes.
 The size of letters for captions, labels and keywords

written should be 2&3cm for a class room of depth 6m.
 The line thickness should be 2&3mm. the display

material should be contrasted with background.
CONTD…
 Light colored chart papers are better suited for
dark colored pens.
 Flat pictures and material from books should be

enlarged sufficiently before planning on charts.
 Simple hand drawn charts with non-decorative

lettering are more effective than elaborately
drawn or machine made charts.
 One chart should convey one idea or one

principle. Charts crowded with information are
less effective.
CONTD…
 Numerical data should be presented in the form
of tables. Relationship between two or more
variable are better demonstrated by drawing
graphs.
 Classification, organization and processes are

better represented by means of flow diagrams.
 Colors should be used meaningfully i.e. to

stimulate real colors to highlight.
EFFECTIVE USE OF CHARTS
 Single sheet chart must be shown when necessary.
 It should be displayed before its needed for teaching.
 When a chart is to be used in the classroom, the teacher

should make sure that there is provision for hanging a
chart at a perfect point.
CONTD…
 Teacher should use a pointer to point out specific facts
in the chart.
 Charts should be carefully stored and preserved for use

in future.
PICTURES
 Pictures are most commonly available graphic aids.

Pictures include photographs, paintings, illustrations
clipped from magazines, newspapers, etc.
 The picture can be flashed in front of the class and

related questions asked to initiate the lesson.
 A series of pictures related to a lesson can be displayed in

the classroom to arouse the curiosity and interest before
lesson begins on the topic.
CONTD…
 The related pictures if they are small, can be passed
around in the class for students to have look at them
and related question asked to initiate the discussion.
 The picture should be large enough for the whole

class to see it properly.
 The picture must have clear details for arresting

attention and interest.
 The picture should be related to the lesson and

meaningful for students.
CONTD…
 The picture should arouse curiosity, imagination and

thinking.
 The picture should be authentic and identifiable.
 The picture should be able to build up the proper

learning environment.
 The picture should lead class to purposeful activity.

DIAGRAMS/DRAWING
A diagram is the simplified drawing designed

to show interrelationship primarily by means of
lines as symbols. E.g. science figures, geometry
designs, facial expressions, etc.
STANDARD OF A GOOD DIAGRAM
 Technically correct
 Neatly drawn in proper proportions
 Well labeled and explained
 It can be moved and seen from all the angles

PREPARATION OF DIAGRAM
 Diagram to be large enough to be seen by whole

class.
 Make the outline features of diagrams sharp.
 Include only relevant and essential parts of diagrams

pertaining to topic.
 Caption and label the diagrams boldly.

MAPS
A map is a graphical aid representing the

proportionately as a diagram, the surface of the
earth, world. Map is always drawn to a scale
which is mentioned on one corner of it.
EVERY MAP SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING
DESCRIPTION ON IT
 A caption or title
 A grid
 A key
 These days colorful maps are commercially available.

GRAPHS
Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting

statistical information and contrasting the trends or
changes of certain attributes.
TYPES OF GRAPHS
1. Bar graph
2. Line graph
3. Pie graph
BAR GRAPH
PREPARING A BAR GRAPH
 Before making the bar chart make a rough sketch of it in

notebook.
 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of

50x72cm size.
 Use two different colors for the two contrasting groups.

CONTD…
 The bars should be equi-spaced.
 Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand
side corner of the chart paper.
 Number specifying the magnitude of the bars should be

on the top on the bars.
LINE GRAPH
A free hand smooth line through various points

indicating the instantaneous values of two variables at
various moments is called line graph.
PREPARATION
 Sketch pens or marker pens can be used to write the

caption.
 Show X axis, Y axis and origin.
 Scale along X axis, scale along Y axis variable along and

actual curve joining different points.
PIE GRAPH
This graph is usually shown as a disc or a

circle divided into sectors of different angles to
represent the fractions or percentage of the
divisions of a distributive attribute.
PREPARING A PIE GRAPH
 Find out angles from the percentage or fractions
 Draw out on a chart paper of full size using a big

compass carrying a sketch or marker pen.
 Divide the circle into appropriate sectors using the

protractor.
 Color each section and write the corresponding

percentage it represents.
 Caption the pie graph with a descriptive title.

CARTOONS
A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives

a subtle message. It makes learning more
interesting and effective.
USES
 It is simple, clear which tells story without too much
explanation.
 The symbol used is familiar and represent a concept or idea

to which students can react intellectually.
 A cartoon can be used to motivate students to start a

discussion.
 A cartoon can be used for making lesson lively and

interesting.
FLASH CARDS
Flash cards are small cards of generally 25x30 cm size

which are shown across a message or an idea.
PREPARATION OF FLASH CARDS
 Cut a chart paper and cut it into 4 parts to get flash

cards.
 Write the content on it either in the free hand writing

or using lettering stencils and sketch pen.
 The height of writing on the flash card is to be

approximate so that the whole class can see the flash
card properly.
USING FLASH CARDS
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to students.
 Give instructions to students about their actions while

you flash the cards.
 Flash the cards in front of the class by holding high with

both hands so that all students can see.
 Let the respond as per instructions already given.

CONTD…
 Add more information to the student responses.
 Test the learning by additional flash cards.
 Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.

DISPLAY BOARDS AS TEACHING AIDS
 BLACKBOARD / CHALKBOARD
 FLANNEL BOARD
BLACKBOARD / CHALKBOARD
USING BLACKBOARD / CHALKBOARD
 Write clearly in cursive handwriting the important

points of the topic on the chalkboard. Avoid
overcrowding of information.
 The size of lettering should be large enough

(6cmX9cm) to be seen properly by the students at the
rear of the class.
 Plan chalkboard work in advance in simple brief

phrases or keywords.
CONTD…
 The classroom should be lighted properly and the chalkboard
should be glare free.
 Rub off the information already discussed in the class and

noted down by the students.
 Use shading & underlining for the stressing key words and
statements.
 A difficult illustration should be drawn before hand to save

class time.
 Use the other supplementary teaching aids to emphasize and

clarify the main concepts.
CONTD…
 Use color for an aesthetic appeal and for providing
contrasts.
 Use soft cloth piece or foam duster for rubbing off the
chalkboard.
 For rubbing off writing on the chalkboard, it should be

rubbed vertically first and then horizontally.
 Use pointer to draw attention to written material on

board. Stand on one side of the board.
FLANNEL BOARD
A display board made of wood, chalkboard or

straw covered with colored flannel or woolen
cloth
USING A FLANNELBOARD
 For telling a story, the teacher adheres the
picture on the flannel board along with a
commentary or description.
 For letter recognition and work formation
during language teaching in primary classes.
 For recognition recall testing, appropriate
pictures can be used for teaching different
subjects.
CONTD…
 For teaching elementary lessons on numbers, a flannel
board can be used effectively.
 For showing interrelationship between different parts

or steps of a process, a flannel board can be used
effectively. E.g. nursing process
NON PROJECTED TEACHING AIDS
1. Models
2. Exhibitions
3. Diorama
MODELS
 A model is a recognizable representation

of real thing
 three dimensionally i.e. height, width,

depth are felt.
Examples of models:-
 Clay model of heart, eye, etc.
 Globe and plantation Motor, generators,

etc..
EXHIBITION
 Requisites/Requirements for exhibition
 Exhibitions should have central theme with a few sub-

themes to focus attention to a particular concept.
 The exhibits should be clean and labeled properly.
 The exhibits should be so placed that visitors can see

them.
CONTD…
 The place should be well lighted.
 To capture interest and attention of visitors

both motion and sound can be utilized.
 Exhibits should have some levers, switches,

handles to be operated by visitors to see some
happenings.
 Exhibition should include a lot of

demonstration as they involve deeply the
students and the visitors both.
DIORAMA
A diorama is 3-D arrangement of related

objects, models and cutouts to illustrate a central
theme or concept.
Eg. A harvest scene, a planting scene, a street
scene, etc.
PREPARATION
 Box is made using a thick board, a semi-cylindrical form

with a cellophane front covering.
 Curved surface should have a painting to show the

background.
 Top of box covered with hard board carrying a 100 watt

bulb.
CONCLUSION
Knowledge regarding preparing and use of non-

projected A-V Aids is necessary for a teacher to teach
effectively which enhances learning of a student/learner

Non Projected Av Aids

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NON-PROJECTED AV AIDS

Audio aids are any instructional device that can be

 “Audio visual aids are any device which can be

 To increase the effectiveness of the teaching.

 To hold the attention span of the learner for the

 To make learning experiences last longer.

A.V aids can be broadly divided into 2 types based on

 Audio & video conferencing projector

Non-projected, 2-D Non-projected; 3-D

Usual materials required to prepare charts are sheets

 The size of the chart, size of letters and contrast of

 Standard paper in sizes 90x60cm and 70x55cm is

 The size of letters for captions, labels and keywords

 The line thickness should be 2&3mm. the display

 Flat pictures and material from books should be

 Simple hand drawn charts with non-decorative

 One chart should convey one idea or one

 Classification, organization and processes are

 Colors should be used meaningfully i.e. to

 Single sheet chart must be shown when necessary.

 It should be displayed before its needed for teaching.

 When a chart is to be used in the classroom, the teacher

 Charts should be carefully stored and preserved for use

 Pictures are most commonly available graphic aids.

 The picture can be flashed in front of the class and

 A series of pictures related to a lesson can be displayed in

 The picture should be large enough for the whole

 The picture must have clear details for arresting

 The picture should be related to the lesson and

 The picture should arouse curiosity, imagination and

 The picture should be authentic and identifiable.

 The picture should be able to build up the proper

 The picture should lead class to purposeful activity.

A diagram is the simplified drawing designed

 Neatly drawn in proper proportions

 Well labeled and explained

 It can be moved and seen from all the angles

 Diagram to be large enough to be seen by whole

 Make the outline features of diagrams sharp.

 Include only relevant and essential parts of diagrams

 Caption and label the diagrams boldly.

A map is a graphical aid representing the

 These days colorful maps are commercially available.

Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting

PREPARING A BAR GRAPH

 Before making the bar chart make a rough sketch of it in

 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of

 Use two different colors for the two contrasting groups.

 Number specifying the magnitude of the bars should be

A free hand smooth line through various points

 Sketch pens or marker pens can be used to write the

 Show X axis, Y axis and origin.

 Scale along X axis, scale along Y axis variable along and

This graph is usually shown as a disc or a

 Draw out on a chart paper of full size using a big

 Divide the circle into appropriate sectors using the

 Color each section and write the corresponding

 Caption the pie graph with a descriptive title.

A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives