INSTITUTIONS: Social,

Cultural and Political

The social institutions are the family, school,
church and business organization.
 Family Types
Family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity (by
recognized birth), affinity (by marriage), or co-residence/shared
consumption.
It is the principal institution for the socialization of children.

Classifications:

Matrifocal – a mother and her children

Conjugal – a husband, his wife, and children (also called nuclear family)
Blended – families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing
children of the former family into the new family.
Extended – in which parents and children co-reside with other members of one
parent’s family.
Kinship as Social Institution

It establishes much of its context of the family ties to the surrounding

community

It is an integral part of its social structure and it’s found in

all known societies in the Philippines.
all human beings are connected to each others by blood or marriage.

The state of being related to people in your family.

The feeling of being connected to or close to other people.

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Kinship is the state of being related
to the people in your family.
A feeling of being close or connected to
other people.
 Kinship is the web of social
relationships that form an important part
of the lives of most humans in most
societies.

Robin Fox states that “the study of kinship is the

study of what man does with these basic facts of life –
mating, gestation, parenthood, socialization,
siblingship etc.”
Human being’s connection
Consanguineal relationships Affinal relationship
• Connections between people • Relationship based upon marriage
that are traced by blood. or cohabitation between collateral
(people treated as the same gener
ation)
Kinship by Blood
according to descent, the relationship existing among
family members may be used as a basis in classifying the
family.
Unilineality
is a system of determining descent group in which
one belongs to one’s father’s or mother’s line,
whereby one’s descent is traced either exclusively
through male ancestors (patriline), or exclusively
through female ancestors (matriline).

Lineages and clans.

Matrilineality
Is the tracing of descent through the female line.it m
ay also correlate with a social system in which each
person is identifies with their matriline – their mother’s
lineage
A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancest
or to a descendant of either sex in which individuals
in all intervening generations are mothers – “mother
line”.
Patrilineality
Is also known as “the male line” or agnatic kinship.
It is a common kinship system in which an individual’s family
membership derives from and is traced through his or her fa
ther’s linage.
It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights,
names, or titles by persons related through male kin.

A patriline (father line) is a person’s father, and additional a

ncestors, as traced only through males.
Bilateral descent
Is a system of family lineage in which the relatives on the m
other’s side and father’s side are equally important for emot
ional ties or for transfer of property or wealth.
It is a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed
equally through both parents.
Under bilateral descent, every tribe member belongs to two clans,
one through the father (a patriclan) and another through the mother
( a matriclan).
Kinship by Marriage
Under this classification, families maybe either
monogamy or polygamy.
Monogamy
is a form of relationship in which an individual has only
one partner during his or her lifetime or at any one
time (serial monogamy).
1. Marital monogamy refers to marriages of only two
people.
2. Social monogamy refers to two partners living together,
having sex with each other, and cooperating in acquiring
basic resources such as shelter, food and money.
3. Sexual monogamy refers to two partners remaining
sexually exclusive with each other and having no outside
sex partners.

Social anthropologists and other social scientists, use the term

monogamy to further distinguished between, marriage once in a
lifetime and marriage with only one persons at a time (serial
monogamy), in contrast to bigamy or polygamy.
Polygamy
From Late Greek polygamia “state of marriage to many
spouses”) involves marriage with more than one spouse.

When a man is married to more than one wife – polygyny.

When a woman is married to more than one husband at a
time – polyandry.

If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be

called a group marriage.

With polygynous societies, having multiple wives often

becomes a status symbol denoting wealth and power.
Same-Sex Marriage
Is the marriage of two people of the same sex or gender,
entered into in a civil or religious ceremony.

LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transexual and

Questioning).
Ghost Marriage
Ghost Marriages take place when a wealthy or influential
male member of a village dies without any living children. A
woman will then marry his “ghost” at a ceremony, usually with
the brother of the deceased as a stand –in.

The wife is then said to be married to the ghost of the man, and can
then have his children, using the brother to facilitate this. These children,
although not biological children to the deceased, serve as heirs to his
heritage and can inherit both his property and his status in a society.

In China, a ghost marriage is called MINGHUN.

Levirate Marriages
Are somewhat similar to ghost marriages. A levirate
marriage is when a woman marries one of her husband’s
brothers after her husband died. In some cases, this only
occurs if the husband died without children. Then, since the
woman marries his brother, the family name carries on.

These marriages have mostly happened in places in Asia and

the Middle East.
Arranged Marriage
Arrange marriage is a relationship established by the parents or other
interested parties often without consent from the couple involved. There
are 5 different types or levels of arranged marriages.
a. Forced – parents dictate whom their children will marry and the
children have no say in the matter.
b. Traditional – individuals are given slightly more choice and this is
therefore seen as more “modern” method.
c. Modern with Courtship – parents will say whom their child should
marry but the child is allowed a period of courtship to get to know
their intended spouse.
d. Introduction Only – parents only introduce those involved toe ach
other, and do not force their children to marry if they do not want to.
This is seen as more of a “nudge” than an arrangement.
Residence Pattern
after getting married, the couple needs to live somewhere. And where
the couple ends up varies, depending on their culture.
1. Neolocal Residence – this is where the couple finds their own house,
independent from all family members.
2. Patrilocal Residence – the married couple live with the husband’s
father’s family. By living with the husband’s family, it lets all the men
continue to work together on the land.
3. Matrilocal Residence – the couple moves to live where the wife
grew up; usually found with matrilineal kinships systems.
4. Avunculocal Residence – couple moves to live with the husband’s
mother’s brother. They live with the most significant man, his uncle,
because it’s who they will later inherit everything from.
 #1 long quiz for 2nd Quarter
I. Identification. Write the correct answer for each question. In
a one whole sheet of paper.
1. Connections between people that are traced by blood.
2. Relationship based upon marriage
3. It is the state of being related to the people in your family.
Form of relationship
4. Form of relationship in which individual has only one partner
5. man is married to more than one wife
6. A woman is marries to more than one husband
Types of Family
7. Jasmine is living in one roof with her parents and
grandparents
8. Karen’s mother has been remarried to a man with two sons.
Residence Pattern
9. Couples find their house independent from all family members.
10. Couple moves to live with the husband’s mother’s brother.
For they will later inherit everything from him.
II. Choose the correct answer inside the box.
Forced Sexual Monogamy
Serial Monogamy Traditional
Matrinal Monogamy Social Monogamy
Ontroduction Only
1.Lilibeth is 18 years old and her parents tell her to marry
Sam.
2.Kim and Roel is officially married.
3. Kiana and her boyfriend has been living together since she
turns 18.
4. Diana can can choose who she wants to marry.
5. Linda has been married twice since her first husband died.
III. Essay
For 5 points what is the difference of between
ghost marriage and levirate marriage.
 Marriage and Economic Exchange
1. Dowry – is a transfer of wealth, usually flowing from a woman’s parents or
family when she is to be married in the form of money, land or other goods.
a. A dowry consisting televisions, refrigerators, and air conditioners in
contemporary India.
b. Western-European tradition of a bride’s family paying for the bulk of their
daughters wedding.
c. The Rajput tradition of a solely transportable dowry, consisting of jewelry,
clothing, money and household goods.

2. Bridewealth – is the transfer of symbolic goods from the husband’s family to

the bride’s family. Usually, bridewealth represents some form of compensation to
the bride’s family from the husband’s family, for their loss of her labor and ability to
bear them children.
 Divorce
Is a legal process in which a judge legally ends
a marriage.
A divorce does not declare a marriage null and
void as in an annulment, but instead states that
the marriage was unsuccessful for any of a
variety of reasons and declares the two
individuals as single.
 Divorce in Islam
The Islamic world has accepted divorce
reluctantly. Divorce in islam is used only in the
most “necessary” situations.
Islamic societies do not want private affairs to
become public in the court except in extreme
circumstances – Court comes in as a last resort.
 Divorce and the Catholic Church

the Roman Catholic forbids divorce for any

sacramental marriage defining a couple as wed until
the death of one or both of the spouses or unless an
annulment is granted.
 POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Power and Authority
Authority is the sanctioned use of power. Political systems can be based
on three types of authority.
Charismatic, traditional, and rational-legal.

Democratic, totalitarian and authoritarian are types of POLITICAL

SYSTEMS.
• In democracies, power lies with elected officials.
• Totalitarian political systems have absolute rulers who control all aspe
cts of political and social life.
• Authoritarian rulers posses absolute control but often permit some per
sonal freedoms.
Economic Institution
Every society develops a system of roles and norms that governs the
production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Problem of scarcity
Resources
available
Needs
and
Need for wants
Economic
institutions
SOCIETIES
1. What goods and services should be produced?
2. How should these goods and services be
produced?
3. For whom should these goods and services be How best to use limited resources to satisfy the
produced? most needs and wants.
 Factors of Production
The factors of production are the resources needed to produce good
s and services that include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
• Land refers to natural resources such as soil, water, minerals, plants,
animals, sunlight and wind.
• Labor, also called human resources involves anyone who works to
produce goods and services.
• Capital refers to all manufactured goods used in the
production process, such as tools, machinery, and factories. It also ref
ers to the means to purchase goods, stock, or other items.
• Entrepreneurship includes the organizational skills and the risk-taking
attitude required to start a new business or develop a new
product.
Political Institution
The nature of a state’s power is shaped by its politi
cal institutions which is the system of roles and nor
ms that governs the distribution and exercise of p
ower in society.
According to Weber,
•Power – the ability to control the behavior of
others, even against their will.
Some people, for example, wield great power through
personal appeal and magnetism
(John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Kr., and Cesar Ch
avez – charismatic personalities).
•Coercion – is the use of physical
force or threats to exert control.
Blackmailer might extort from a politician, a
government might take, without compensation
the property of a citizen.

A political system based on coercive power is inherently unstable;

that is, the abuses of the system itself cause people to rise against it.
•Authority – more stable form of power.
It is accepted as legitimate by those subject
for it.
students take exams and accept results they receive be
cause they believe their teachers have the right (authority) to
determine grades.
most citizens pay taxes because they believe their gove
rnment has the right (authority) to collect money from them.
Forms of Authority
Weber identified three forms of authority namely;
Charismatic
Traditional
Rational-legal
People who live under governments based on these for
ms recognize authority figures as holders of legitimate p
ower.
1. Charismatic– arises from a leader’s pers
onal characteristics.

Charismatic leaders lead through the power or

strength of their personalities of the feelings of
trust they inspire in a large number of people.
Charismatic leaders: Kennedy, King, Chavez,
Nelson Mandela and Fidel Castro.
2. Traditional Authority– the legitimacy of
a leader is rooted in custom. Early kings often cl
aimed to rule by the will of God, or divine right.

The kings in the eighteenth century Europe, for

example counted on the custom of loyalty to
provide a stable political foundation.

Tradition provided more stability than charismatic authority c

ould have provided.
3. Rational-legal Authority– power resid
es in the offices rather than in the officials

Those people who hold government offices are expected to

operate on the basis of specific rules and procedures. Power
is assumed only when the individual occupies the office.

Persons lose their authority when they leave their formal

positions of power.

E.g. The outgoing president becomes a private citizen again

and gives up the privileges of the office.
Types of Government
1. Democracy
• Power is exercised through the people. The central feature of
democracy is the right of the government to participate in the
political decision-making process.
• Representational democracies – voters elect representatives who
undertake the task of making political decisions. If the elected
officials do not perform to the people’s liking, they can be voted out
of the office.
a. Industrialization
b. Access to Information
c. Limits on Power
d. Shared Values
2. Totalitarianism
• Lies at the opposite end of the political spectrum from democracy.
In this type of political system, a ruler with absolute power attempts
to control all aspects of society.

• Characteristics of Totalitarianism:
a. A single political party, typically controlled by one person.
b. A well-coordinated campaign of terror.
c. Total control of all means of communication.
d. A monopoly over military resources.
e. A planned economy directed by a state bureaucracy.
3. Authoritarianism
• Is a middle category between democracy and totalitarianism.
• It refers to a political system, controlled by elected or nonelected
rules who usually permit some degree of individual freedom but do
not allow popular participation in government.

• Examples include certain monarchies (the dynasties of the shahs

of Iran) and military seizures of power (Fidel Castro’s takeover of
Cuba).
Modern Economic System
Capitalism

• Private ownership of means of production.

Individuals are free to invest their money (capital) t
o any business endeavor they wish, to purchase g
oods and hire labor in order to develop their privat
e enterprises, and to re-invest profits for business
expansion or in those other citizens.

• Japan, South Korea, the United States and the

Philippines.
Socialism

• The state controls all or most of the means of

production.

• Russia, China, Cuba, and Vietnam

Welfare State

• General welfare of citizens is a basic duty and the ultimate end of

a well ran politics and governance state. A welfare state could eme
rge from the socialist and capitalist system.
• According to Adler, economic welfare for all can be promoted in
a society in two ways:
a. Through the widest possible diffusion of the ownership of income producing
property; and
b. Through the widest possible diffusion of the economic equivalents of
income – producing property. Wages, pensions, insurance of all sorts,
medical care, educational opportunities, recreational facilities and free time
for leisure activities.
 Mixed economy
• Based on the mixture of public and private ownership of the
means of production, and on a considerable public
regulation of the private business sector.

• This set-up could also happen in democratic socialist states, that is,
when the socialists come to power in a polity, they allow the public and
private businesses to co-exist with each other.