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Biochemical Engineering: Changing Face of Chemical Industry

Biochemical Engineering applies chemical engineering principles to biological systems to produce desired products from raw materials. It uses microorganisms like bacteria and enzymes to carry out bioprocesses. A typical bioprocess involves upstream processes like media preparation and fermentation in a bioreactor. This is followed by downstream processes like separation, purification and recovery of the product. Bioreactors provide the controlled environment needed for microbial growth and product formation. Common bioprocess equipment includes fermentors, which are used to carry out fermentation at large scale through various operation modes like batch, continuous or fed-batch fermentation. Careful consideration is given to microbiological and engineering design factors for effective scale-up of bioprocesses.

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66 views20 pages

Biochemical Engineering: Changing Face of Chemical Industry

Biochemical Engineering applies chemical engineering principles to biological systems to produce desired products from raw materials. It uses microorganisms like bacteria and enzymes to carry out bioprocesses. A typical bioprocess involves upstream processes like media preparation and fermentation in a bioreactor. This is followed by downstream processes like separation, purification and recovery of the product. Bioreactors provide the controlled environment needed for microbial growth and product formation. Common bioprocess equipment includes fermentors, which are used to carry out fermentation at large scale through various operation modes like batch, continuous or fed-batch fermentation. Careful consideration is given to microbiological and engineering design factors for effective scale-up of bioprocesses.

Uploaded by

kiram
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Biochemical Engineering

changing face of chemical industry

Dr. B.Sarva Rao


BIO-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Biochemical Engineering is a branch which applies chemical


engineering principles to biological systems to produce
desired product from raw materials

Microbes can and will do anything:


“Microbes are smarter, wiser and more energetic than
Microbiologists, Chemists, Engineers and others.”
What biotechnology meant for engineers
…..….. Translating Science into products
Environmentally
benign conditions

Biocatalysts:
microorganisms,
Reactants Enzymes,

The Scientific A New product


Discovery
Feedstocks
Cell factories
-Renewable
- Fossil

Biofuels
Sugars Biomaterials
Biochemicals
Detergents Biofertilizers

Vitamins
Antibiotics Fuel
Polymers Biosteel
fertilizers Biobatteries
DNA computers ...........what not...?
A TYPICAL FERMENTATION PROCESS

Isolation Media preparation


Screening Sterilization etc.
Identification

Down stream
processing
Genetic
Filtration
engineering
Centrifugation
Freeze drying
Crystallization etc.
Shake flask expt.
Optimization of parameters

Operational parameters in bioreactors


pH, Temp, DO, Agitation, etc.
Industrial
Biotechnology
Bioenergy
Bulk

Biomass Fuels

Feedstock Sugars
Chemicals
- Renewable
- Fossil Materials
Bioprocesses
Specialties

Fine
\
GENERALIZED VIEW OF
BIOPROCESS

RAW MATERIALS

UPSTREAM PROCESSES

Media Formulation
Inoculum Equipment
and
Preparation Sterilization
Sterilization

BIOREACTOR - FERMENTER

Reaction Kinetics Transport Phenomena Instrumentation


and Bioactivity and Fluid Properties and Control

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES

Recovery and Waste Recovery,


Separation
Purification Reuse and Treatment

THE BOTTOM LINE

REGULATION ECONOMICS HEALTH AND SAFETY


TYPICAL BIOPROCESS FLOW SHEET
PREPARATION
OF BIOMASS FOAM CONTROL pH CONTROL
Innoculum Stages Antifoam Addition Acid-Alkali Addition

PRODUCT RECOVERY

CELL SEPARATION
BIOREACTOR Intracellular
product
Extracellular
1). CELL DISTRUPTION product
2). PRODUCT EXTRACTION

Free Cells,
Immoblized Cells PRODUCT
or CONCENTRATION
PROCESS
Enzyme Bioreactor

PRODUCT
SEPARATION

PURIFICATION

STERILIZATION
DRYING

RAW MATERIAS Air FINAL PRODUCT


Nutrients and Reactants
in Aqueous Solution
(may contain insoluble
organic and/or inorganic
materials)
Some important fermentation products

Product Organism Use

Ethanol Saccharomyces Industrial solvents,


cerevisiae beverages
Glycerol Saccharomyces Production of
cerevisiae explosives
Lactic acid Lactobacillus Food and
bulgaricus pharmaceutical
Acetone and Clostridium Solvents
butanol acetobutylicum
-amylase Bacillus subtilis Starch hydrolysis
12
Fermentor is the basic
equipment used for
fermentation.

contains the media


to carry out
fermentation, and
creates environment
for fermentation at
large scale.
 Pure culture:organism, quantity, physiological
state

 Sterilised medium: for microorganism growth

 Seed fermenter: inoculum to initiate process

 Production fermenter: large model

 Equipment i) drawing the culture medium

ii) cell separation iii) collection of cell

iv) product purification v) effluent treatment.


surface (solid state) submersion techniques.

• microorganisms microorganisms grow in a


cultivated on the surface liquid medium.
of a liquid or solid
substrate. (biomass, protein,
antibiotics, enzymes and
• complicated and rarely sewage treatment) are
used in industry. carried out by submersion
processes.
• Mushroom, bread etc.
• BATCH FERMENTATION

Sterile nutrient substrate, inoculated, grow until no more of


the product is being made, "harvested" and cleaned out for
another run.

 lag phase (adapt to their surroundings)


 exponential growth (grow in numbers)
 stationary phase (stop growing)
 death phase
• CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION

 Substrate is added continuously to the fermenter, and


biomass or products are continuously removed at the same
rate.
 Under these conditions the cells remain in the logarithmic
phase of growth

• FED-BATCH FERMENTATION

 Substrate increments as the fermentation progresses.


started as batchwise with a small substrate concentration.
 Initial substrate is consumed, addition of fermentation
medium
Basic Bioreactor Design Criteria
___________________________________________________________________
 Microbiological and Biochemical Characteristics of
the Cell System (Microbial, Mammalian, Plant)
 Hydrodynamic Characteristics of the bioreactor
 Mass and Heat Transfer Characteristics of the
Bioreactor
 Kinetics of the Cell Growth and Product Formation
 Genetic Stability Characteristics of the Cell System
 Aseptic Equipment Design
 Control of Bioreactor Environment (both macro-
and micro-environment)
 Implications of Bioreactor Design on Downstream
Products Separation
 Capital and Operating Costs of the Bioreactor
 Potential for Bioreactor Scale-up
______________________________________________________________________

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