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Implicit Differentiation

1) Implicit differentiation allows you to find the derivative of functions defined implicitly rather than explicitly in terms of one variable. This is done by taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to the variable. 2) Examples are provided of using implicit differentiation to find derivatives of functions involving multiple variables, as well as higher order derivatives. The chain rule and product rule must be applied as needed. 3) At the point (-1,2) on the curve x^2 - xy + y^2 = 7, the slope is calculated to be 4/5 using implicit differentiation, and the equations of the tangent and normal lines are found.

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Noli Noga
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276 views11 pages

Implicit Differentiation

1) Implicit differentiation allows you to find the derivative of functions defined implicitly rather than explicitly in terms of one variable. This is done by taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to the variable. 2) Examples are provided of using implicit differentiation to find derivatives of functions involving multiple variables, as well as higher order derivatives. The chain rule and product rule must be applied as needed. 3) At the point (-1,2) on the curve x^2 - xy + y^2 = 7, the slope is calculated to be 4/5 using implicit differentiation, and the equations of the tangent and normal lines are found.

Uploaded by

Noli Noga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Implicit Differentiation

3.6
Implicit Differentiation
So far, all the equations and functions we looked at were all stated explicitly
in terms of one variable:

y  3x  5 s  16t 2  30t

In this function, y is defined explicitly in terms of x.


1
y If we re-wrote it as xy = 1, y is now defined
implicitly in terms of x.
x

It is easy to find the derivative of an explicit function, but what about:

x  4 y  3y  y  5
3 2
This is not a function,
but it would still be
x2  y 2  1 nice to be able to find
the slope.

d 2 d 2 d
x  y  1 Do the same thing to both sides.
dx dx dx
Note use of chain rule.
dy
2x  2 y 0 dy 2 x
dx 
dx 2 y
dy
2y  2 x dy x
dx 
dx y

2 y  x 2  sin y This can’t be solved for y.

d d 2 d
2y  x  sin y dy 2x
dx dx dx 
dx 2  cos y

dy dy
2  2 x  cos y
dx dx
This technique is called
dy dy implicit differentiation.
2  cos y  2x
dx dx
1 Differentiate both sides w.r.t. x.
dy
 2  cos y   2 x 2 Solve for
dy
.
dx dx 
Find dy/dx if:
y 3  4 y 2  x 5  3x 4

dy dy
3y 2
8y  5 x 4  12 x 3
dx dx

dy
dx

2

3 y  8 y  5 x  12 x
4 3

dy 5 x 4  12 x 3

dx 3 y 2  8 y 
Find dy/dx if:
sin y 2  cos x 2  cos y 2  sin x 2 Chain
Rule

 dy  2 dy 
cos y  2 y   sin x (2 x)   sin y  2 y   cos x 2 (2 x)
2 2

 dx   dx 
dy 2 dy
2 y cos y  2 y sin y
2
 2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2
dx dx
dy
dx
 
2 y cos y 2  2 y sin y 2  2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2
dy 2 x cos x 2  2 x sin x 2


dx 2 y cos y 2  2 y sin y 2 
dy xcos x 2  sin x 2 

dx ycos y 2  sin y 2 
Find dy/dx if:
3x 2  5xy2  4 y 3  8
Product
Rule! dy 2 dy
6 x  5 y  10 xy  12 y
2
0
dx dx

dy
dx
 
10 xy  12 y 2  6 x  5 y 2

dy  6x  5 y 2

dx 10 xy  12 y 2 
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve x 2  xy  y 2  7 at (1, 2) .

We need the slope. Since we can’t solve for y, we use


dy
implicit differentiation to solve for .
dx
x 2  xy  y 2  7 Note product rule. dy y  2x

 dy  dy dx 2 y  x
2x   x  y  2 y 0
 dx  dx
dy
2x  x  y  2 y
dy
0 2  2  1 22 4
m  
dx dx 2  2   1 4  1 5
dy
 2 y  x  y  2x
dx 
Find the equations of the lines tangent and normal to the
curve x 2  xy  y 2  7 at (1, 2) . Normal line is
perpendicular
to tangent
4
m tangent: normal:
5
4
y  2   x  1
5
y  2    x  1
5 4

4 4 5 5
y2 x y2  x
5 5 4 4

4 14 5 3
y  x y  x
5 5 4 4


Find derivative at (1, 1) Product Rule is
easier than quotient
rule, so let’s cross
y x
2 3
x
multiply!

y x
3 2

dy y3  6x2
y  x  xy  x
2 3 3 3

dx 2 y  3xy2 
dy 2 dy
2 y  3x  3xy
2
 y  3x
3 2
dy (1)3  6(1) 2

dx 2(1)  3(1)(1) 2 
dx dx
dy
 
2 y  3xy  y  6 x
2 3 2

dx dy  5
 5
dx  1
Higher Order Derivatives

d2y
Find 2 if 2 x 3
 3 y 2
7 .
dx
y  2 x  x 2
y
2x  3 y  7
3 2
y 
y2

6 x  6 y y  0
2
y 
2x x2
 2 y
y y Substitute y
6 y y  6 x 2 back into the
2x x 2 x 2 equation.
6 x 2 y   2
y  y y y
6 y
2x x 4
y 
2
y 
x  3
y y y

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