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Qualitative Data Collection Methods

This document discusses various qualitative research methods including case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and historical research. It describes key characteristics of qualitative research such as taking a holistic perspective, avoiding premature decisions, and focusing on interactions. Specific qualitative data collection methods are then outlined like participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and different types of observation. The document also covers participatory approaches, principles of participatory research, and ethics in business research.

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34 views17 pages

Qualitative Data Collection Methods

This document discusses various qualitative research methods including case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and historical research. It describes key characteristics of qualitative research such as taking a holistic perspective, avoiding premature decisions, and focusing on interactions. Specific qualitative data collection methods are then outlined like participant observation, interviews, focus groups, and different types of observation. The document also covers participatory approaches, principles of participatory research, and ethics in business research.

Uploaded by

sairam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Qualitative data collection

methods
Characteristics/ features of qualitative
research
• Requires researcher to take holistic stand
• Avoid pre-mature decision making
• Focus on individual and person to person
interactions
• Researcher to spend more time with
participants and research setting
• Direct data gathering from participant
• Accept alternative explanations
Characteristics…..contd
• Include possible researcher bias in the
methodology
• Record thoroughly including voice of
participants
Approaches to qualitative research
• Case study – study of historical events
• Ethnography – study of a individual, event or
situation in its natural setting
• Ethno methodology –refers to common
procedures and practices used by a group
• Grounded theory – used for creating concepts
methods and theories
• Phenomenology – study of a particular
participant perspective or happening
• Historical research -
Qualitative data collection methods
• Participant observation is appropriate for
collecting data on naturally occurring behaviors in
their usual contexts.
• In-depth interviews are optimal for collecting
data on individuals’ personal histories,
perspectives, and experiences, particularly when
sensitive topics are being explored.
• Focus groups are effective in eliciting data on the
cultural norms of a group and in generating
broad overviews of issues of concern to the
cultural groups or subgroups represented.
• Observation is a fundamental and highly
important method in all qualitative inquiry.
• Systematic noting and recording of events,
behaviors, and artifacts (objects) in the social
setting chosen for study.
• field notes—detailed,
• nonjudgmental, concrete descriptions of what
has been observed
Methods of observation
• Researcher can collect data the respondents
through observation
• Nonparticipant observer: without becoming the
integral part of the organization system
• Participant observer: Enters the organization,
become a part of the work team
• Structured observation studies: Preparing
number of areas to observe
• Unstructured observation studies . Researcher
does not have define ideas of the particular
aspects
Advantages n Disadvantages of
observation method
• Advantages :
• data more reliable and free from respondent bias
• Easier to note the effects of environmental
influences on the specific outcome
• Easier to observe certain groups of individual

• Disadvantages
• Observer must be present
• Low collecting data
• Needed to be trained
Focus group
• Using: Marketing research, social sciences and
applied research.
• Group: 7 to 10 people , unfamiliar with one
another
• The interviewer creates a supportive
environment, asking focused questions to
encourage discussion and the expression of
differing opinions and points of view.
• These interviews may be conducted several times
with different individuals
Disadvantages of focus group
• The researcher should be exquisitely aware of
power dynamics and be able to facilitate
well—
• Difficult control over a group
• Time can be lost ;
• the data are difficult to analyze because
context is essential to understanding the
participants’ comments
Participatory approaches
• PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal
• PAR: Participatory Action Research
• Accessing the needs
• Feasibility study.
• Determination for priority activities in
development study .
• Follow up development activities
Participative research
• PR is a systematic inquiry, with the collaboration of
those affected by the issue being studied, for purposes
of taking action or effecting change. Green et al
(2003:419)
• PR : to break down the distinction between the
researchers and the researched, the subjects and
objects of knowledge production by the participation
of the people-for-themselves.
• Research is seen not only as a process of creating
knowledge, but simultaneously, as education and
development of consciousness, and of mobilization for
action.
Principles in participatory research
• 1. Recognizes community as a unit of identity.
• 2. Builds on strengths and resources within the
community.
• 3. Facilitates collaborative partnerships in all phases of
the research
• 4.Integrates knowledge and action for mutual benefit
of all partners
• 5.Promotes a co-learning and empowering process that
attends to social inequalities
• 6.Disseminates findings and knowledge gained to all
partners
Focus group
• Using: Marketing research, social science and
applied research.
• Group: 7 to 10 people , unfamiliar with one
another
• The interviewer creates a supportive
environment, asking focused questions to
encourage discussion and the expression of
differing opinions and points of view.
• These interviews may be conducted several times
with different individuals
Ethics in Business research
• Informed consent : Informed consent is a
mechanism for ensuring that people
understand what it means to participate in a
particular research study so they can decide in
a conscious, deliberate way whether they
want to participate
Participants should be informed of :
• the purpose of the research
• what is expected of a research participant, including
the amount of time likely to be required for
participation
• expected risks and benefits, including psychological
and social
• the fact that participation is voluntary and that one can
withdraw at any time with no negative repercussions
• how confidentiality will be protected
• the name and contact information of the local lead
investigator to be contacted for questions or problems
related to the research
• Plagiarism
• Depiction of correct information
• acknowledgements
• Citations and references
• Social objective of research.

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