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OSI Data Link Layer: CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Data Link Layer

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112 views

OSI Data Link Layer: CCNA Exploration Semester 1

Data Link Layer

Uploaded by

palogjohnjr
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OSI data link layer

CCNA Exploration Semester 1


Chapter 7

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1


OSI data link layer

 OSI model layer 2


 TCP/IP model part of Network Access layer

Application HTTP, FTP,


Data TFTP, SMTP
Presentation stream etc
Application
Session
Transport Segment TCP, UDP Transport
Network Packet IP Internet
Data link Frame Ethernet,
Network Access
WAN
Physical Bits
technologies

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 2


Data link layer topics

 Data Link layer protocols


 Preparing data for transmission
 Media access control methods
 Logical network topologies
 Encapsulating packets into frames
 Layer 2 frame structure and header and trailer fields

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 3


Functions of data link layer

 Encapsulates packets by adding a frame header and


trailer including appropriate addressing.
 Controls access to the transmission medium.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 4


Hops

 There may be a different layer 2 protocol in use on


each hop of a journey.
 Different media, different types of link, different
bandwidths, LAN/WAN affect the choice of protocol.
 Different protocols have different frames.
 The router removes the old frame and adds a new
header and trailer for the next hop.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 5


Sublayers
Sets up the frame
Network header and trailer
to encapsulate the
packet.
Logical link Identifies network
control layer protocol.
Data link
Media access Adds layer 2
control address.
Marks frame start
and end.
Physical

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 6


Standards

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers


 IEEE 802.2 Logical link control
 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
 IEEE 802.5 Token ring
 IEEE 802.11 Wi-fi
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 Various WAN standards: HDLC, ISDN, Frame relay

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 7


Point to point link

 Only two devices on the network


 Full duplex: both can send at the same time, no
problem with media access
 Half duplex: data can only travel one way at a time so
one device can send at a time. Simple media access
control.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8


Shared medium

Physical bus Star with hub


 Needs media access control.
 If there is no control there will be many collisions and the
frames will be destroyed.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 9


Controlled media access

 Predictable, deterministic.
 Each device is given a time when it may send, and it
most not send at any other time.
 High overhead.
 No collisions.
 Token passing – each host in turn gets the token and is
allowed to send.
 E.g. token ring, FDDI

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 10


Contention based media access

 Non-deterministic, first come first served.


 Each device “listens” and sends when the medium
seems to be clear.
 Low overhead.
 Collisions occur.
 Need a way of re-sending lost frames.
 Becomes inefficient on large networks.
 E.g. traditional Ethernet.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 11


Variation on contention based

 Traditional Ethernet uses CSMA/CD (collision


detection): collisions are allowed and detected, frames
sent again.
 Wi-fi uses CSMA/CA (collision avoidance): when the
medium is clear, host sends signal to say it is about to
use the medium. It then sends.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 12


Different environments

 Fragile environment e.g. satellite link – frames are likely


to be lost – need large overhead of control mechanisms
to make sure data arrives.
 Protected environment e.g. modern LAN – frames not
often lost – do not need such elaborate control
mechanisms
 Therefore need different layer 2 protocols

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 13


Addressing needs

 Point to point link – only one possible destination.


Minimal addressing.

 Multi-access network – need full addressing system.

 Therefore need different layer 2 protocols.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 14


Layer 2 frame format

 All protocols have the same general form but there are
variations.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 15


PPP frame

 Point to point links. Minimal addressing. Control


mechanisms.

Start Minimal Packet Check


address and
stop

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 16


Ethernet frame

 Multi-access links. Full addressing.


No control field.
 Same for all Ethernet types/bandwidths.

Timing Addresses Layer 3 Packet Check


and 48 bits protocol and
start each stop

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 17


802.11 Wi-Fi

 LAN wireless protocol


 Fragile environment – lots of interference, risk of lost
frames, contention.
 Every transmission needs to be acknowledged.
 No acknowledgement – re-send frame.
 Lots of control mechanisms in frame.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 18


End to end

 PC sends packet to server


 Packet header has PC IP address and source and server IP
address as destination.
 Frame header has PC MAC address as source and router
MAC address as destination.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 19


© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 20

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