Configuring and testing
CCNA Exploration Semester 1 – Chapter 11
© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1
Topics
The Internetwork Operating System (IOS).
Devices that have the IOS embedded.
IOS commands available to a device.
IOS modes of operation.
Basic IOS commands.
Basic show commands.
Configuration files
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Internetwork Operating System
Most Cisco devices use the Cisco IOS.
Details vary with the device and feature set.
Normal access through a command line.
Stored in flash memory and can be upgraded.
Usually copied into RAM when the device is powered
on, and run from RAM.
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Access to the interface
Console port via serial connection
Initial configuration
Disaster recovery
When network access has failed
Password recovery
As well as general management
Console access does not require a password.
Configure a password. Lock the door.
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Telnet, SSH, Aux
Later management can be via Telnet
There must be an IP address on the port
A password must be configured
Secure shell gives better security
AUX port can be used locally or via modem but by
default does not show error messages
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Configuration files
Hold the commands that have been configured on the
router to customise it.
Running configuration in RAM holds commands that
are in current use
Startup configuration in NVRAM holds saved
commands. These are kept when the power is off and
usually copied back into RAM when the router is re-
started.
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Router storage areas
ROM Flash
Permanent Keeps contents
Holds POST, boot instructions, Holds IOS image
basic IOS
RAM
NVRAM
Volatile
Keeps contents
Holds runnning config, tables,
Holds startup configuration file
queues etc
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Router IOS modes
User EXEC mode
enable disable
+ password
Privileged EXEC mode
Configure terminal Exit or Ctrl+z
Global Configuration mode
Various commands Exit End
Specific Configuration modes
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Router prompts
User EXEC mode Router>
Privileged EXEC mode Router#
Global Configuration mode Router(config)#
Router(config-if)#
Specific Configuration modes and others
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EXEC modes
You log in to User EXEC mode
Router>
You can give basic monitoring commands but cannot
change the configuration
Enter enable to go to Privileged EXEC mode
Router#
Password may be used for security
You can give more commands and can go to configuration
modes
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Configuration modes
Start in privileged EXEC mode and enter the configure
terminal (config t) command
Router# config t
Router(config)#
The prompt changes
This is global configuration mode
Additional commands take you to interface
configuration, router configuration etc.
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Leaving configuration modes
From interface configuration mode there are several
ways of getting to privileged EXEC
Router(config-if)# exit
Router(config)# exit
Router#
Router(config-if)# end
Router#
Router(config-if)# Ctrl+z
Router#
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Command Structure
Followed by <Enter>
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? To get help
? Gives a list of commands available from the current
prompt.
Command followed by space then ? Gives a list of
keywords or arguments that can be used.
Start of command followed by ? with no space shows
how the word can be continued.
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Shortened commands
Router#show running-config
Router#show run
Router#sh ru
It needs enough letters of each word to be
unambiguous. (Tab key shows whole word)
Router#s ru
% Ambiguous command: ‘s’
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Other error messages
Switch#clock set
% Incomplete command
Switch#clock set 19:50:00 25 6
% Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker
^
Router#show runming-config
% Invalid input detected at ‘^’ marker
^
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Keyboard shortcuts
Tab completes a partial command
Backspace erases to left of cursor
Ctrl+D erases at cursor (Delete does not)
Ctrl+Z returns from any config mode to privileged
exec mode
Ctrl+C leave Setup mode
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Show commands
Show ? To get a list
Many different show commands to give information
about every aspect of the router and its operation
We use some of the most common.
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General show commands
Show running-config shows the configuration file from
RAM
Show startup-config shows the saved configuration
file from NVRAM
Show version gives information about the IOS and the
router itself. It shows the configuration register, which
controls how the router starts up.
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Show interfaces
Gives statistics for all interfaces
In particular, says if the interface is up and if the
protocol is up – important in troubleshooting.
Show interfaces serial 0/0 to show one selected
interface
You can shorten to show int s 0/0
Show ip interfaces gives IP statistics
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Save configuration
Router#copy running-config startup-config
Router#copy run start (shortened)
Router#wr (Old fashioned, short for write, but it works and
is safe.)
Beware! A typing error in the copy command can delete the
operating system. If you get an odd message about Flash –
hands off – call for help.
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Hostname
Router>enable
Router#config t
Router(config)#hostname Paris
Paris(config)#
Configure a suitable hostname so that you know which
router you are managing and so that you can identify it
in network documentation.
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Console password
Paris(config)#line con 0
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Restricts access via the console
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong password on production networks
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Vty password for Telnet
Paris(config)#line vty 0 4
Paris(config-line)#password cisco
Paris(config-line)#login
Paris(config-line)#exit
Allows and restricts access via 5 vty lines
Use cisco as the password in labs.
Use a proper strong, different password on production
networks
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Enable and enable secret
Paris(config)#enable secret class
The password class is needed when you type enable to
enter privileged exec mode
This password is encrypted
Paris(config)#enable password cisco
Not encrypted, used on older routers
If you configure both, then only the enable secret is used.
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Message of the day
Paris(config)#banner motd # No unauthorised
access #
# is a delimiter to show where the message starts and
ends.
Any character can be used as long as it does not
appear in the message.
The message should make it clear that unauthorised
access is forbidden.
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Reload
Shuts down the router and then starts it again.
If the configuration has changed then you are prompted
to save it.
The running configuration in RAM is lost.
The startup configuration from NVRAM is (usually)
loaded into RAM on startup.
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Back up to TFTP server
Start TFTP server software on host
Paris#copy running-config tftp
Remote host []? 172.16.1.1
Name of configuration file to write [Paris-config]?
Paris12Oct07
Write file Paris12Oct07 to 172.16.1.1? [confirm] y
Writing Paris12Oct07 ! ! ! ! ! ! [OK]
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Back up as text file
Start text capture
Name file
show run
Stop text capture
Open saved file and
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TeraTerm text file
TeraTerm is an open source Telnet client.
It can also act as a SSH client
It can capture text and save it as a file.
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Erase startup configuration
Paris#erase NVRAM:startup-config
Paris#erase startup-config
Paris#erase start
If you reload, then the router starts up with the default
configuration. No passwords, no IP addresses etc.
Caution if you get this command wrong then you could
erase something else, e.g. IOS
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Restore file from TFTP server
Router#copy tftp running-config
You will be prompted for IP address and file name.
Configuration is copied into RAM and takes effect at
once.
Save to NVRAM.
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Restore text file
Go to global configuration
mode
Hyperterminal Transfer
menu
Send text file…
Or
Copy text from text file
“Paste to host” into Hyperterminal session
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Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface FastEthernet 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit
Interface names vary, depending on whether the router
is modular and on the bandwidth.
E.g. interface Ethernet 0 on an older router
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Configure a router interface
Paris(config)#interface serial 0/0
Paris(config-if)#ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
(Paris(config-if)#clock rate 64000)
Paris(config-if)#no shutdown
Paris(config-if)#exit DCE only
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Description
Paris(config)#interface fa0/0
Paris(config-if)#description Connects to Paris central
switch
Can include circuit and contact information
Not needed for the operation of the router
Valuable for documentation as it is included in the
configuration listing
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Switch interfaces
Switch physical interfaces do not have IP addresses
They are active by default and do not need the no
shutdown command.
It can be useful to give them a description.
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Switch IP address
The switch IP address goes on a virtual interface, not a
real one, normally VLAN1.
SwA(config)#interface VLAN1
SwA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.255.1 255.255.0.0
SwA(config-if)#no shutdown
SwA(config-if)#exit
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Switch default gateway
SwA(config)#ip default gateway 172.16.255.254
Just like a workstation, a switch needs a default
gateway if it exchanges messages with devices on a
different network.
The default gateway is the address of the local router.
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Interface – show commands
show interfaces states whether up or down, gives
some protocol information and statistics about interface
use.
show ip interface gives IP addresses and much more.
show ip interface brief gives summary of IP
addresses and whether up/down. Very useful
command.
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Up or down
Interface status: Layer 1
Up
Down
Administratively down (no shutdown to bring up)
Protocol: Layer 2
Up
Down (no keepalive signal received)
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Ping – step by step
Ping 127.0.0.1 (loopback, is TCP/IP OK?)
Ping own IP address (are NIC hardware and software all
right? Is IP address bound?)
Ping local hosts (checks own configuration and that of
others)
Ping gateway
Ping other intermediate routers
Ping hosts on remote networks
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Network baseline
Measure and record performance
At different times
Under different conditions
Repeatedly over a period of time
Build up a record of network performance
Useful in troubleshooting and optimising the network
Helps predict future problems
Helps planning for change
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Find out about nodes
Ping – used from workstation, router or switch – shows
if destination can be reached
Traceroute – shows hops along the path
Arp -a on workstation – shows list of MAC and IP
addresses
show mac-address-table on switch – shows list of MAC
addresses and switch ports
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Summary
Hierarchical Design model addresses performance,
scalability, maintainability & manageability issues.
Traffic Analysis is used to monitor network
performance.
Hierarchical Design Model is composed of 3 layers:
Access
Distribution
Core
Switches selected for each layer must meet the needs
of each hierarchical layer as well as the needs of the
business.
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Labs & Activities
Type Detail
Lab 11.1.6 Mandatory*
Lab 11.1.7 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.1 Mandatory
Lab 11.2.2 Review carefully
Lab 11..2.3 Mandatory
* If no previous Packet Tracer experience, else strongly recommended
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