INDUCTIVE AND

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
INDUCTIVE REASONING
• The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion
based on the examination of exaples is called
Inductive reasoning.
• Inductive Reasoning, involves going from a series of
specific cases to a general statement. The
conclusion in an inductive argument is never
guaranteed.

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INDUCTIVE REASONING
• When you examine a list of numbers and predict
the next number in the list according to some
pattern you have observed, you are using inductive

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USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO
PREDICT A NUMBER
Example
Find a pattern for the sequence. Use the pattern to
find the next three terms in the sequence.

a. 2,4,7,11,...
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ...

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USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO
MAKE A CONJECTURE

The product of two odd numbers is odd.

1 * 1 = 1 3 * 3 = 9 5 * 7 = 35
The product of two odd numbers is odd.

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USE INDUCTIVE REASONING TO
SOLVE AN APPLICATION
Length of pendelum in units Period of pendulum in heart beats

1 1

4 2

9 3

16 4

25 5

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COUNTEREXAMPLES
a counterexample is used to disprove a statement. If
you want to prove that a statement is true, you must
write a proof to demonstrate that it is always true;
giving an example is not sufficient. Compared to
writing a proof, writing a counterexample is much
simpler; if you want to show that a statement is not
true, you only need to provide one example of a
scenario in which the statement is false. Most
counterexamples in algebra involve numeric
manipulations.

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COUNTEREXAMPLES
"All prime numbers are odd." Although almost all
prime numbers, including all primes above 3, are
odd, "2" is a prime number that is even; this
statement is false; "2" is the relevant
counterexample.

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FIND A COUNTEREXAMPLE
Which of the following numbers is a counter-
example to the following claim?

If p is an odd prime, then p + 2 is also a prime.

(A) 3
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 9
(E) 11
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DEDUCTIVE REASONING
• Deductive reasoning is the process of from one or
more (premises) to reach a certain conclusion.
Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as
top-down logic.
• Deductive reasoning usually follows steps. First,
there is a premise, then a second premise, and
finally an inference. A common form of deductive
reasoning is the syllogism, in which two statements
— a major premise and a minor premise — reach a
logical conclusion.

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LOGIC PUZZLES
• what is Logic?
•
• Logic is a system of reasoning, it is the art of
applying reasoning to the structure and content,
the method of deduction.

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SOLVE A LOGIC PUZZLE
Each of four neighbors Sean, Maria, Sarah and Brian,
has a different occupation (editor banker, chef, or
dentist) from the following clues, determine the
occupation of each neighbor.

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SOLVE A LOGIC PUZZLE
Clues:
Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the
dentist
Sarah, who is the last to get home work, is not the editor.
The dentist and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
The banker lives next door to brian.

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QUIZ
1.Is the following argument best classified as
deductive or inductive?
I heard lots of barking last night. The neighbor’s dog
must’ve been pretty upset about something, since he
rarely barks.

a. Deductive
b. Inductive

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QUIZ
2.Is the following argument best classified as
deductive or inductive?
All dogs bark. Fido is a dog, so he barks.

a. Deductive
b. Inductive

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
On a National Geographic map, no two adjacent
nations appear shaded with the same color. Brazil is
shaded green on this map, and it is a National
Geographic map. Only two nations in South America
are not adjacent to Brazil. So at most three South
American nations on this map are shaded green.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
The majority rules in the House of Representatives.
Either the Democrats or the Republicans will control
the House of Representatives. As there are an odd
number of representatives in the House, it follows
that there is no way there will be a tie in the House
of Representatives.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
No book in English begins numbering its pages on a
left-hand page. This is a book in English, therefore it
will begin its numbering on a right-hand page.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Based on a survey of 2200 randomly selected likely
voters, 56.2% indicate that they will vote for the
incumbent in the upcoming election. Therefore,
approximately 56% of the votes in the upcoming
election will be for the incumbent.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
The overwhelming majority of mutations are not
beneficial to an organism’s survival. So the odds are
that no mutation is going to give an organism super
powers.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Some cookies are burnt. Some burnt things are good
to eat. So some cookies are good to eat.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
The telegraph was a technological breakthrough that
allowed rapid communication across vast distances.
In doing so, it made communities more
homogeneous and diminished diversity. Ultimately,
the benefits probably outweigh such hard-to-
measure costs.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
All reptiles ever examined are cold-blooded.
Dinosaurs resemble reptiles in many ways. So
dinosaurs were cold-blooded.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
All mollusks are invertebrates. Snails are mollusks, so
snails must be invertebrates.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Jack is taller than Jill. Jill is taller than Joey. Therefore,
Jack is taller than Joey.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Winners never quit and quitters never win. The
President quit smoking, so he will never win.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
I shall leave no stone unturned in my search for the
truth. I am searching for the truth in a field with
eighty-six stones. Thus, I shall turn over the eight-six
stones in this field.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Cats routinely kill birds and mice. There is a cat, so it
almost assuredly kills birds and mice.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Crackers almost always have salt on them, so the
crackers at this restaurant will most likely be salted in
some way.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
No whale lives in fresh water, and the lake is fresh
water, so there are no whales living there.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
Rodents all have large, sharp front teeth that they
use for gnawing. A capybara is a rodent, so it too
must have large, sharp front teeth.

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
All dogs bark. Fido is a dog. So Fido barks

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QUIZ
Is the following argument best classified as deductive
or inductive?
It usually takes 2–3 days for a delivery to ship from
the warehouse to your door via most major shipping
services. You ordered on Tuesday morning, so it’s
safe to assume your package will arrive Thursday or
Friday.

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