ODISHA POWER

TRANSMISSION
CORPORATION LIMITED
Internship Report

Transmission and
Distribution
System
Ankita Mohanty
17BEE0207
 Introduction
Overview of the company and the departments/division
01

Electrical safety
Basics of electrical safety and first aid
02

Subsystem layout and components

How electricity is transmitted
03
Path
Bus bar arrangement
Different schemes of bus bar arrangement
04

3
 ODISHA POWER TRANSMISSION
CORPORATION LIMITED

OPTCL, one of the largest Transmission Utility in the country was incorporated in
March 2004 under the Companies Act, 1956 as a company wholly owned by the
Government of Odisha to undertake the business of transmission and wheeling of
electricity in the State.
The registered office of the Company is situated at Bhubaneswar, the capital of the State
of Odisha. Its projects and field units are spread all over the State. Presently the Company
is carrying on intra state transmission and wheeling of electricity under a license issued by
the Odisha Electricity Regulatory Commission. The Company is also discharging the
functions of State Load Despatch Centre. The Company owns Extra High Voltage
Transmission system and operates about 13,578.790 ckt kms of transmission lines at 400
kV, 220 kV, 132 kV levels and 143 nos. of substations with transformation capacity of
18,068.50 MVA having 366 nos of transformers.
4
OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

The objective of the

internship at 220/132/33
kV substation at Chandaka,
Bhubaneshwar, Odisha is to
learn about the layout of
substation and functioning
of the various components
involved.

5
 Difference between Substation and
Switchyard

SUBSTATION SWITCHYARD
•Substation is the inter connector •Switchyard is the inter connector
between transmission and between generation and
distribution systems, and various transmission, and same voltage is
voltage levels are maintained in maintained in switchyard.
substation.
•The switchyard is technically where
• The Substation is the whole facility the incoming and outgoing power
and includes the switchyard, lines arrive and the electrical power
transformers, control room, electrical operating equipment is located
equipment rooms (power metering, (breakers, measuring transformers,
protections, control) disconnectors).

6
 ELECTRICAL SAFETY
The OSHA (Occupational Safety and
Health Administration) regarding
electrical safety practices states the
basic rule for safety as:

“ALL ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

CONDUCTORS,BARE OR INSULATED, ARE
ASSUMED TO BE ENERGIZED UNTILL
PROVEN OTHERWISE.THEY SHALL BE DE-
ENERGISED,LOCKED OUT AND TESTED
FOR THE ABSENCE OF VOLTAGE BEFORE
WORKING ON THEM OR NEAR
THEM.WORK ON ELECTICAL CIRCUIT
CONDUCTORS MAY ONLY BE PERFORMED
BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL WHO HAVE
BEEN AUTHORISED TO DO THE WORK.”

7
 Substation Layout
A substation is a part of an electrical generation ,transmission, and distribution system,
where power is transformed from high voltage to low voltage or vice versa.

Functions of substation:
a. transform
b. despatching
c. control
d. measurement
e. communication
f. security

Fig.1. Chandaka 220kV/110kV/22kV substation

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF OPTCL
CHANDAKA
 Components of a substation
1. SURGE ARRESTER
Properties:-
•Diverge the surge to the ground
•Offer high RESISTANCE –normal system
voltage
•Offer low resistance –surge voltage
•Made up of metal oxide (ZnO)
•Consists of surge counter

Types Of Surge Arrester:-

1 .SILLICON CARBIDE ARRESTER
2. METAL OXIDE SURGE ARRESTER (used
in OPTCL)

Surge arrester 11
 2. Capacitor Voltage Transformer

•The capacitive voltage transformer step-down

the high voltage input signals and provide the
low voltage signals which can easily measure
through the measuring instrument.

12
CVT
 3. Wave Trap

•Parallel resonating circuit

•Blocks frequency other than
power frequency
•Active only when PLCC is active
•Connected in series
•The line trap is an assembly of
three main components:
1. Main Coil
2. Tuning Device
3. Protective Device

Wave trap 13
 4. Current Transformer

•Step down the current for measurement

by the small rating ammeter
•Output of CT is always 1A in transmission
system

Current transformer 14
 5. Potential Transformer

•Step down the voltage for

measurement purpose
•Output of PT is always 110 V

Potential transformer 15
 6. Isolator
•OFF- LOAD switch
•Isolates part of circuit from system when
required
•No quenching medium

Opening Operation of Electrical Isolator

•In the beginning, open the major circuit breaker.
•Then divide the load from a system with isolator
opening
•Close the earth switch. Earth switch can become
with an interlock system with isolator. That’s
means when isolator is open only that time earth
switch can be closed.

Closing Operation of Electrical Isolator

•Detach the earth switch.
•Shut the isolator.
•Shut the circuit breaker.
132 kV Isolator 16
 7. Circuit Breaker
•ON LOAD switch
•Automatic switch to interrupt the fault current
•General practice placed in between two isolator

Types of Circuit Breaker

According to their arc quenching media the circuit
breaker can be divided as-
•Oil circuit breaker
•Air circuit breaker.
•SF6 circuit breaker.
•Vacuum circuit breaker

According to the operating mechanism of circuit

breaker they can be divided as-
•Spring operated circuit breaker.
•Pneumatic circuit breaker.
•Hydraulic circuit breaker

Oil Circuit Breaker 17

Different types of Circuit Breakers
 7. Transformer
•Transformer is a static electrical
devices that changes one ac voltage
to the other.
•Principle –Faradays Law of
electromagnetic induction

ACCESSORIES
Tank
Winding
Core
Bushing
Insulating material
Conservator
Breather
Radiator
OLTC
Buchholz Relay
OSR
OTI 19
WTI Transformer
 Insulators

Pin Insulator Suspension Strain Insulator

Insulator
•the earliest developed •When there is a dead end
overhead insulator •numbers of insulators or there is a sharp corner in
•up to 33 kV system are connected in series to transmission line
•Desirable to increase the form a string •High mechanical strength
vertical length of the insulator •to sustain extraordinary as well as the necessary
surface area for lengthening tensile load of conductor electrical insulating
leakage path. it is referred as string properties.
insulator.

20
 Stay Insulator Strain Insulator
•For low voltage lines, the stays •used in low voltage distribution network.
are to be insulated from ground at •can be used in both the horizontal or
a height. vertical positions.
•The insulator used in the stay •The tapered hole of the spool insulator
distributes the load more evenly and
wire is called as the stay insulator minimizes the possibility of breakage when
•designed that in case of breakage heavily loaded.
of the insulator the guy-wire will •The conductor in the groove of shackle
not fall to the ground insulator is fixed with the help of soft
binding wire.

21
 Bus bar arrangement
Busbars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits.

1. SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

Advantages:
1.Simple in Design
2.Less Expenditure

Disadvantages:
1.In case of bus fault or bus bar
isolator fault or maintenance
total Substation is out of
service.
2.In case of maintenance of
transformer circuit breaker the
associated transformer has also
to be shut-down. Similarly for
Line also.

22
 2. Single bus with bus sectionalizer

Advantages:
1. One complete section can
be taken out for
Maintenance without
disturbing the continuity of
other section.
2. If a fault occurs on one
section of the Bus, that
faulty section alone will be
isolated.
Disadvantages:
1. It will be a little more costly
with the addition of one
isolator and some cases
with Circuit breaker, C.Ts .

23
 3. Double bus bar arrangement

Advantages:
1. Double Bus Bar
Arrangement increases the
flexibility of system.

Disadvantages:
1. The arrangement does not
permit breaker
maintenance with out
interruption.

24
 4. Double breaker bus system

Advantages:
There is no need of bus coupler
as because the operation is
done by breakers instead of
isolator

Disadvantages: Most expensive

as it involves additional
breaker, CT Isolators etc for
each circuit.

25
 5. One and half breaker system

Advantages:
During any fault on any one of the
buses, that faulty bus will be
cleared instantly without
interrupting any feeders in the
system since all feeders will
continue to feed from other
healthy bus.
Disadvantages:
This scheme is much expensive
due to investment for third
breaker.

26
 5. Ring bus system
Disadvantages:
1. It provides a double feed to
each feeder circuit, opening
one breaker under
maintenance or otherwise
does not affect supply to any
feeder.
Advantages.
1. Flexibility for breaker
maintenance
2. Each breaker removable
without disconnecting load
3. Only one breaker needed per
branch,
4. Each branch connected to
network by two breakers
5. All change-over switching done
with circuit-breakers & hence
flexible. 27
 Conclusion

•In large, learnt about transmission and distribution

systems functions to deliver bulk power from generating
stations to load centers.

•Mitigating power loss

•Optimizing power flow

28
 Thank You
www.website.com